ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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WHO, 2016. World Malaria Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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2.
WHO, 2017. A Framework for Malaria Elimination. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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Newby G, Bennett A, Larson E, Cotter C, Shretta R, Phillips AA, Feachem RGA, 2016. The path to eradication: a progress report on the malaria-eliminating countries. Lancet 387: 1775–1784.
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4.
Feachem RGA et al. 2010. Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects. Lancet 376: 1566–1578.
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5.
Landier J, Parker DM, Thu AM, Carrara VI, Lwin KM, Bonnington CA, Pukrittayakamee S, Delmas G, Nosten FH, 2016. The role of early detection and treatment in malaria elimination. Malar J 15: 363.
-
6.
Sturrock HJW, Hsiang MS, Cohen JM, Smith DL, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, Gosling RD, 2013. Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: active surveillance in control and elimination. PLoS Med 10: e1001467.
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7.
Galatas B, Bassat Q, Mayor A, 2016. Malaria parasites in the asymptomatic: looking for the hay in the haystack. Trends Parasitol 32: 296–308.
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8.
Moonen B et al. 2010. Operational strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. Lancet 376: 1592–1603.
-
9.
Smith JL, Auala J, Tambo M, Haindongo E, Katokele S, Uusiku P, Gosling R, Kleinschmidt I, Mumbengegwi D, Sturrock HJW, 2017. Spatial clustering of patent and sub-patent malaria infections in northern Namibia: implications for surveillance and response strategies for elimination. PLoS One 12: e0180845.
-
10.
Searle KM et al. 2016. Evaluation of the operational challenges in implementing reactive screen-and-treat and implications of reactive case detection strategies for malaria elimination in a region of low transmission in southern Zambia. Malar J 15: 412.
-
11.
Herdiana H et al. 2016. Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 15: 468.
-
12.
Sturrock HJ, Novotny JM, Kunene S, Dlamini S, Zulu Z, Cohen JM, Hsiang MS, Greenhouse B, Gosling RD, 2013. Reactive case detection for malaria elimination: real-life experience from an ongoing program in Swaziland. PLoS One 8: e63830.
-
13.
Gerardin J, Bever CA, Bridenbecker D, Hamainza B, Silumbe K, Miller JM, Eisele TP, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2017. Effectiveness of reactive case detection for malaria elimination in three archetypical transmission settings: a modelling study. Malar J 16: 248.
-
14.
Bergquist R, Yang G-J, Knopp S, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2015. Surveillance and response: tools and approaches for the elimination stage of neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop 141: 229–234.
-
15.
Ohrt C, Roberts KW, Sturrock HJ, Wegbreit J, Lee BY, Gosling RD, 2015. Information systems to support surveillance for malaria elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 145–152.
-
16.
Bjorkman A, Cook J, Sturrock H, Msellem M, Ali A, Xu W, Molteni F, Gosling R, Drakeley C, Martensson A, 2017. Spatial distribution of falciparum malaria infections in Zanzibar: implications for focal drug administration strategies targeting asymptomatic parasite carriers. Clin Infect Dis 64: 1236–1243.
-
17.
Global Fund, 2006. Implementation of a New Malaria Treatment Policy in Zanzibar. Available at: http://portfolio.theglobalfund.org/en/Grant/Index/ZAN-102-G01-M-00. Accessed June 8, 2017.
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18.
PMI, 2006. 2006 Tanzania Malria Country Action Plan. Washington, DC: United States Presidents Malaria Initiatve.
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19.
ZMCP, 2009. Malaria Elimination in Zanzibar: A Feasibility Assessment .Zanzibar City, Zanzibar: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
-
20.
PMI, 2007. 2007 Tanzania Malaria Operational Plan. Washingotn, DC: United States Presidents Malaria Initative.
-
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RTI, 2013. Coconut Surveillance. Available at: http://www.rti.org/impact/coconut-surveillance. Accessed June 10, 2017.
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USAID, 2016. Tanzania Vector Scale-up Project (TVSCP): Final Report .Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
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ZAMEP, 2012. 2013–2018 Strategic Plan. Zanzibar City, Zanzibar: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
-
24.
Cotter C, Sudathip P, Herdiana H, Cao Y, Liu Y, Luo A, Ranasinghe N, Bennett A, Cao J, Gosling RD, 2017. Piloting a programme tool to evaluate malaria case investigation and reactive case detection activities: results from 3 settings in the Asia Pacific. Malar J 16: 347.
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25.
CDC, 2011. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep 50: 1–35.
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26.
Lin W, Chen S, Seguy N, Chen Z, Sabin K, Calleja JG, Bulterys M, 2012. Is the HIV sentinel surveillance system adequate in China? Findings from an evaluation of the national HIV sentinel surveillance system. Western Pac Surveill Response J 3: 76–85.
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27.
Vogt RL, Spittle R, Cronquist A, Patnaik JL, 2006. Evaluation of the timeliness and completeness of a web-based notifiable disease reporting system by a local health department. J Public Health Manag Pract 12: 540–544.
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Jones G, Le Hello S, Jourdan-da Silva N, Vaillant V, de Valk H, Weill F, Le Strat Y, 2014. The French human Salmonella surveillance system: evaluation of timeliness of laboratory reporting and dactors associated with delays, 2007 to 2011. Euro Surveill 19: pii: 20664.
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29.
Rachas A, Nakoune E, Bouscaillou J, Paireau J, Selekon B, Senekian D, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, 2014. Timeliness of yellow fever surveillance, central African Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1004–1008.
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Sun JL, Zhou S, Geng QB, Zhang Q, Zhang ZK, Zheng CJ, Hu WB, Clements ACA, Lai SJ, Li ZJ, 2016. Comparative evaluation of the diagnosis, reporting and investigation of malaria cases in China, 2005–2014: transition from control to elimination for the national malaria programme. Infect Dis Poverty 5: 65.
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39.
Gosling J, Case P, Tulloch J, Chandramohan D, Wegbreit J, Newby G, Gueye CS, Koita K, Gosling R, 2015. Effective program management: a cornerstone of malaria elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 135–138.
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40.
Gueye CS, Newby G, Tulloch J, Slutsker L, Tanner M, Gosling RD, 2016. The central role of national programme management for the achievement of malaria elimination: a cross case-study analysis of nine malaria programmes. Malar J 15: 488.
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41.
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Sturrock HJW, Roberts KW, Wegbreit J, Ohrt C, Gosling RD, 2015. Tackling imported malaria: an elimination endgame. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 139–144.
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Abeid KI, 2015. Assessment of customer satisfaction in public transport services in Zanzibar. Int J Adv Soc Sci Humanit 3: 41–51.
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Kincaide Godbout S, 2016. Assessing Surveillance Elements of the Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program to Support Malaria Elimination in Zanzibar. Durham, NC: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University.
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Canavati SE, Lawpoolsri S, Quintero CE, Nguon C, Ly P, Pukrittayakamee S, Sintasath D, Singhasivanon P, Peeters Grietens K, Whittaker MA, 2016. Village malaria worker performance key to the elimination of artemisinin-resistant malaria: a western Cambodia health system assessment. Malar J 15: 282.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2108 | 1880 | 421 |
| Full Text Views | 874 | 19 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 317 | 15 | 0 |
Evaluating Response Time in Zanzibar’s Malaria Elimination Case-Based Surveillance–Response System
Eeshan Khandekar
Eeshan Khandekar
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;
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Randall Kramer
Randall Kramer
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;
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Abdullah S. Ali
Abdullah S. Ali
Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania;
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Abdul-Wahid Al-Mafazy
Abdul-Wahid Al-Mafazy
Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania;
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Joseph R. Egger
Joseph R. Egger
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;
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Sara LeGrand
Sara LeGrand
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;
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Humphrey R. Mkali
Humphrey R. Mkali
The Palladium Group, Zanzibar, Tanzania;
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Michael McKay
Michael McKay
RTI International, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Jeremiah M. Ngondi
Jeremiah M. Ngondi
RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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As countries transition toward malaria elimination, malaria programs rely on surveillance–response systems, which are often supported by web- and mobile phone–based reporting tools. Such surveillance–response systems are interventions for elimination, making it important to determine if they are operating optimally. A metric to measure this by is timeliness. This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the response time of Zanzibar’s malaria elimination surveillance–response system, Malaria Case Notification (MCN). MCN conducts both passive and reactive case detection, supported by a mobile phone–based reporting tool called Coconut Surveillance. Using data obtained from RTI International and the Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program (ZAMEP), analysis of summary statistics was conducted to investigate the association of response time with geography, and time series techniques were used to investigate trends in response time and its association with the number of reported cases. Results indicated that response time varied by the district in Zanzibar (0.6–6.05 days) and that it was not associated with calendar time or the number of reported cases. Survey responses and focus groups with a cadre of health workers, district malaria surveillance officers, shed light on operational challenges faced during case investigation, such as incomplete health records and transportation issues, which stem from deficiencies in aspects of ZAMEP’s program management. These findings illustrate that timely response for malaria elimination depends on effective program management, despite the automation of web-based or mobile phone–based tools. For surveillance–response systems to work optimally, malaria programs should ensure that optimal management practices are in place.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was made possible through support provided to the Tanzania Vector Control Scale-up Project (Cooperative Agreement 621-A-00-10-00015-00) by the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) via the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and an interagency agreement with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Authors’ addresses: Eeshan Khandekar, Randall Kramer, and Joseph R. Egger, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, E-mails: eeshan.khandekar@gmail.com, kramer@duke.edu, and jre18@duke.edu. Abdullah S. Ali and Abdul-Wahid Al-Mafazy, Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania, E-mails: abdullahsuleimanali@yahoo.com and mtash2@gmail.com. Sara LeGrand, Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, E-mail: sara.legrand@duke.edu. Humphrey R. Mkali, The Palladium Group, Zanzibar, Tanzania, E-mail: hrmkali@gmail.com. Michael McKay, RTI International, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: mikeymckay@gmail.com. Jeremiah M. Ngondi, RTI International, International Development (Global Health), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: jngondi@rti.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2016. World Malaria Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
WHO, 2017. A Framework for Malaria Elimination. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Newby G, Bennett A, Larson E, Cotter C, Shretta R, Phillips AA, Feachem RGA, 2016. The path to eradication: a progress report on the malaria-eliminating countries. Lancet 387: 1775–1784.
-
4.
Feachem RGA et al. 2010. Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects. Lancet 376: 1566–1578.
-
5.
Landier J, Parker DM, Thu AM, Carrara VI, Lwin KM, Bonnington CA, Pukrittayakamee S, Delmas G, Nosten FH, 2016. The role of early detection and treatment in malaria elimination. Malar J 15: 363.
-
6.
Sturrock HJW, Hsiang MS, Cohen JM, Smith DL, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, Gosling RD, 2013. Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: active surveillance in control and elimination. PLoS Med 10: e1001467.
-
7.
Galatas B, Bassat Q, Mayor A, 2016. Malaria parasites in the asymptomatic: looking for the hay in the haystack. Trends Parasitol 32: 296–308.
-
8.
Moonen B et al. 2010. Operational strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. Lancet 376: 1592–1603.
-
9.
Smith JL, Auala J, Tambo M, Haindongo E, Katokele S, Uusiku P, Gosling R, Kleinschmidt I, Mumbengegwi D, Sturrock HJW, 2017. Spatial clustering of patent and sub-patent malaria infections in northern Namibia: implications for surveillance and response strategies for elimination. PLoS One 12: e0180845.
-
10.
Searle KM et al. 2016. Evaluation of the operational challenges in implementing reactive screen-and-treat and implications of reactive case detection strategies for malaria elimination in a region of low transmission in southern Zambia. Malar J 15: 412.
-
11.
Herdiana H et al. 2016. Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 15: 468.
-
12.
Sturrock HJ, Novotny JM, Kunene S, Dlamini S, Zulu Z, Cohen JM, Hsiang MS, Greenhouse B, Gosling RD, 2013. Reactive case detection for malaria elimination: real-life experience from an ongoing program in Swaziland. PLoS One 8: e63830.
-
13.
Gerardin J, Bever CA, Bridenbecker D, Hamainza B, Silumbe K, Miller JM, Eisele TP, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2017. Effectiveness of reactive case detection for malaria elimination in three archetypical transmission settings: a modelling study. Malar J 16: 248.
-
14.
Bergquist R, Yang G-J, Knopp S, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2015. Surveillance and response: tools and approaches for the elimination stage of neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop 141: 229–234.
-
15.
Ohrt C, Roberts KW, Sturrock HJ, Wegbreit J, Lee BY, Gosling RD, 2015. Information systems to support surveillance for malaria elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 145–152.
-
16.
Bjorkman A, Cook J, Sturrock H, Msellem M, Ali A, Xu W, Molteni F, Gosling R, Drakeley C, Martensson A, 2017. Spatial distribution of falciparum malaria infections in Zanzibar: implications for focal drug administration strategies targeting asymptomatic parasite carriers. Clin Infect Dis 64: 1236–1243.
-
17.
Global Fund, 2006. Implementation of a New Malaria Treatment Policy in Zanzibar. Available at: http://portfolio.theglobalfund.org/en/Grant/Index/ZAN-102-G01-M-00. Accessed June 8, 2017.
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18.
PMI, 2006. 2006 Tanzania Malria Country Action Plan. Washington, DC: United States Presidents Malaria Initiatve.
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19.
ZMCP, 2009. Malaria Elimination in Zanzibar: A Feasibility Assessment .Zanzibar City, Zanzibar: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
-
20.
PMI, 2007. 2007 Tanzania Malaria Operational Plan. Washingotn, DC: United States Presidents Malaria Initative.
-
21.
RTI, 2013. Coconut Surveillance. Available at: http://www.rti.org/impact/coconut-surveillance. Accessed June 10, 2017.
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22.
USAID, 2016. Tanzania Vector Scale-up Project (TVSCP): Final Report .Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
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23.
ZAMEP, 2012. 2013–2018 Strategic Plan. Zanzibar City, Zanzibar: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
-
24.
Cotter C, Sudathip P, Herdiana H, Cao Y, Liu Y, Luo A, Ranasinghe N, Bennett A, Cao J, Gosling RD, 2017. Piloting a programme tool to evaluate malaria case investigation and reactive case detection activities: results from 3 settings in the Asia Pacific. Malar J 16: 347.
-
25.
CDC, 2011. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep 50: 1–35.
-
26.
Lin W, Chen S, Seguy N, Chen Z, Sabin K, Calleja JG, Bulterys M, 2012. Is the HIV sentinel surveillance system adequate in China? Findings from an evaluation of the national HIV sentinel surveillance system. Western Pac Surveill Response J 3: 76–85.
-
27.
Vogt RL, Spittle R, Cronquist A, Patnaik JL, 2006. Evaluation of the timeliness and completeness of a web-based notifiable disease reporting system by a local health department. J Public Health Manag Pract 12: 540–544.
-
28.
Jones G, Le Hello S, Jourdan-da Silva N, Vaillant V, de Valk H, Weill F, Le Strat Y, 2014. The French human Salmonella surveillance system: evaluation of timeliness of laboratory reporting and dactors associated with delays, 2007 to 2011. Euro Surveill 19: pii: 20664.
-
29.
Rachas A, Nakoune E, Bouscaillou J, Paireau J, Selekon B, Senekian D, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, 2014. Timeliness of yellow fever surveillance, central African Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1004–1008.
-
30.
Akbari H, Majdzadeh R, Foroushani AR, Raeisi A, 2013. Timeliness of malaria surveillance system in Iran. Iran J Public Health 42: 39–47.
-
31.
Quan V, Hulth A, Kok G, Blumberg L, 2014. Timelier notification and action with mobile phones-towards malaria elimination in South Africa. Malar J 13: 151–158.
-
32.
Sun JL, Zhou S, Geng QB, Zhang Q, Zhang ZK, Zheng CJ, Hu WB, Clements ACA, Lai SJ, Li ZJ, 2016. Comparative evaluation of the diagnosis, reporting and investigation of malaria cases in China, 2005–2014: transition from control to elimination for the national malaria programme. Infect Dis Poverty 5: 65.
-
33.
Chisha Z et al. 2015. Enhanced surveillance and data feedback loop associated with improved malaria data in Lusaka, Zambia. Malar J 14: 222.
-
34.
PATH, 2014. Zanzibar Trip Report. Project DIAMETER (Diagnostisc for Malaria Elimination Towards Eradication). Seattle, WA: PATH.
-
35.
RTI, 2018. Tanzania Vector Control Scale-Up Project (TVCSP). Available at: https://www.rti.org/impact/tanzania-vector-control-scale-project-tvcsp. Accessed June 8, 2017.
-
36.
PMI, 2015. Harnessing Innovation and Technology to Scale Up Malaria Case Notification in Zanzibar. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/news/stories-from-the-field/stories-from-the-field-detail/harnessing-innovation-and-technology-to-scale-up-malaria-case-notification-in-zanzibar. Accessed June 12, 2017.
-
37.
WHO, 2012. Disease Surveillance for Malaria Elimination. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
38.
Littrell M, Sow GD, Ngom A, Ba M, Mboup BM, Dieye Y, Mutombo B, Earle D, Steketee RW, 2013. Case investigation and reactive case detection for malaria elimination in northern Senegal. Malar J 12: 331–342.
-
39.
Gosling J, Case P, Tulloch J, Chandramohan D, Wegbreit J, Newby G, Gueye CS, Koita K, Gosling R, 2015. Effective program management: a cornerstone of malaria elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 135–138.
-
40.
Gueye CS, Newby G, Tulloch J, Slutsker L, Tanner M, Gosling RD, 2016. The central role of national programme management for the achievement of malaria elimination: a cross case-study analysis of nine malaria programmes. Malar J 15: 488.
-
41.
Le Menach A, Tatem AJ, Cohen JM, Hay SI, Randell H, Patil AP, Smith DL, 2011. Travel risk, malaria importation and malaria transmission in Zanzibar. Sci Rep 1: 93.
-
42.
Sturrock HJW, Roberts KW, Wegbreit J, Ohrt C, Gosling RD, 2015. Tackling imported malaria: an elimination endgame. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 139–144.
-
43.
Abeid KI, 2015. Assessment of customer satisfaction in public transport services in Zanzibar. Int J Adv Soc Sci Humanit 3: 41–51.
-
44.
Kincaide Godbout S, 2016. Assessing Surveillance Elements of the Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program to Support Malaria Elimination in Zanzibar. Durham, NC: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University.
-
45.
Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, Moonen B, 2012. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malar J 11: 122.
-
46.
Canavati SE, Lawpoolsri S, Quintero CE, Nguon C, Ly P, Pukrittayakamee S, Sintasath D, Singhasivanon P, Peeters Grietens K, Whittaker MA, 2016. Village malaria worker performance key to the elimination of artemisinin-resistant malaria: a western Cambodia health system assessment. Malar J 15: 282.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2108 | 1880 | 421 |
| Full Text Views | 874 | 19 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 317 | 15 | 0 |