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EndNote
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-
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Alecrim M das G, Alecrim W, Macedo V, 1999. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (R2) and mefloquine (R3) in Brazilian Amazon region. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 32: 67–68.
-
17.
Ruebush TK 2nd et al. 2003. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 548–552.
-
18.
Añez A, Moscoso M, Laguna Á, Garnica C, Melgar V, Cuba M, Gutierrez S, Ascaso C, 2015. Resistance of infection by Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in Bolivia. Malar J 14: 261.
-
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-
20.
Faway E, Musset L, Pelleau S, Volney B, Casteras J, Caro V, Menard D, Briolant S, Legrand E, 2016. Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana. Malar J 15: 540.
-
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Castillo CM, Osorio LE, Palma GI, 2002. Assessment of therapeutic response of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in a malaria transmission free area in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 559–562.
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Pérez M, Cortés L, Guerra A, Knudson A, Usta C, Nicholls R, 2008. Eficacia de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina pirimetamina y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento del paludismo en Córdoba, Colombia, 2006. Biomédica 28: 148–159.
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Soto J, Toledo J, Gutierrez P, Luzz M, Llinas N, Cedeño N, Dunne M, Berman J, 2001. Plasmodium vivax clinically resistant to chloroquine in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 90–93.
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28.
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-
29.
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Saravu K, Kumar R, Ashok H, Kundapura P, Kamath V, Kamath A, Mukhopadhyay C, 2016. Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine-primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from primary care centres in southwestern India. PLoS One 11: e0157666.
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-
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Chloroquine–Primaquine Therapeutic Efficacy, Safety, and Plasma Levels in Patients with Uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax Malaria in a Colombian Pacific Region
Esteban Mesa-Echeverry
Esteban Mesa-Echeverry
Malaria Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Mayra Niebles-Bolívar
Mayra Niebles-Bolívar
Malaria Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Alberto Tobón-Castaño
Alberto Tobón-Castaño
Malaria Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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In Colombia, published studies for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria with chloroquine–primaquine (CQ-PQ) are scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of this combination. A clinical trial was performed in adults with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria using the 28-day World Health Organization validated protocol. Patients received supervised antimalarial treatment and the primary efficacy end point was the clinical and parasitological response. Safety was assessed through adverse events surveillance, and plasma levels of antimalarial drugs were measured. A total of 77 patients were included. Adequate clinical and parasitological response rate diagnosed by thick blood smear examination was achieved in 72 of 73 patients (98.6%) with a complete 28-day follow-up. There were two parasitological therapeutic failures (TFs) (2.9%) on day 28, established by polymerase chain reaction among 68 patients, one of them with a positive film. No adverse events were detected. After completing the antimalarial treatment, all patients reached adequate plasma concentrations of CQ and desethylchloroquine (DECQ), with medians of 302.9 and 104.0 ng/mL, respectively. Uncomplicated P. vivax malaria treatment with CQ–PQ standard treatment was effective and safe in the study population; TFs were not associated with low plasma levels of CQ and DECQ.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Esteban Mesa-Echeverry, Mayra Niebles-Bolívar, and Alberto Tobón-Castaño, Grupo Malaria, Cr. 53, No. 61-30, Sede de Investigaciones, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, E-mails: esteban521@gmail.com, manibo315@gmail.com, and alberto.tobon1@udea.edu.co.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO 2017. World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/report/en/. Accesed August 25, 2018.
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2.
Instituto Nacional de Salud 2017. Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal Semana 52 2017. Available at: http://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2017 Boletín epidemiológico semana 52.pdf. Accesed August 25, 2018.
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5.
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-
6.
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7.
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8.
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9.
Phan GT, De Vries PJ, Tran BQ, Le HQ, Nguyen NV, Nguyen TV, Heisterkamp SH, Kager PA, 2002. Artemisinin or chloroquine for blood stage Plasmodium vivax malaria in Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 7: 858–864.
-
10.
Dua VK, Kar PK, Sharma VP, 1996. Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. Trop Med Int Health 1: 816–819.
-
11.
Marlar T, Myat Phone K, Aye Yu S, Khaing Khaing G, Ma S, Myint O, 1995. Development of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 307–308.
-
12.
Sumawinata IW, Bernadeta, Leksana B, Sutamihardja A, Purnomo, Subianto B, Sekartuti, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, 2003. Very high risk of therapeutic failure with chloroquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Indonesian Papua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 416–420.
-
13.
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14.
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-
15.
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-
16.
Alecrim M das G, Alecrim W, Macedo V, 1999. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (R2) and mefloquine (R3) in Brazilian Amazon region. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 32: 67–68.
-
17.
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-
18.
Añez A, Moscoso M, Laguna Á, Garnica C, Melgar V, Cuba M, Gutierrez S, Ascaso C, 2015. Resistance of infection by Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in Bolivia. Malar J 14: 261.
-
19.
Marques MM et al. 2014. Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance and anemia in the western Brazilian Amazon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 342–347.
-
20.
Faway E, Musset L, Pelleau S, Volney B, Casteras J, Caro V, Menard D, Briolant S, Legrand E, 2016. Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana. Malar J 15: 540.
-
21.
Melo GC et al. 2014. Expression levels of pvcrt-o and pvmdr-1 are associated with chloroquine resistance and severe Plasmodium vivax malaria in patients of the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 9: e105922.
-
22.
Ríos A, Álvarez G, Blair S, 2013. Diez años de eficacia terapéutica de la cloroquina en malaria no complicada por Plasmodium vivax, Turbo, Antioquia, años 2002 y 2011. Biomédica 33: 429–438.
-
23.
Castillo CM, Osorio LE, Palma GI, 2002. Assessment of therapeutic response of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in a malaria transmission free area in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 559–562.
-
24.
Pérez M, Cortés L, Guerra A, Knudson A, Usta C, Nicholls R, 2008. Eficacia de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina pirimetamina y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento del paludismo en Córdoba, Colombia, 2006. Biomédica 28: 148–159.
-
25.
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-
26.
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-
27.
Soto J, Toledo J, Gutierrez P, Luzz M, Llinas N, Cedeño N, Dunne M, Berman J, 2001. Plasmodium vivax clinically resistant to chloroquine in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 90–93.
-
28.
Fernández D, Segura C, Arboleda M, Garavito G, Blair S, Pabón A, 2014. In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium vivax to antimalarials in Colombia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 6354–6359.
-
29.
Ganguly S, Saha P, Guha SK, Das S, Bera DK, Biswas A, Kundu PK, Saha B, Ray K, Maji AK, 2013. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine alone or in combination with primaquine against vivax malaria in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, and polymorphism in pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 1246–1251.
-
30.
Abreha T, 2017. Comparison of artemether-lumefantrine and chloroquine with and without primaquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection in Ethiopia: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 14: e1002299.
-
31.
Saravu K, Kumar R, Ashok H, Kundapura P, Kamath V, Kamath A, Mukhopadhyay C, 2016. Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine-primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from primary care centres in southwestern India. PLoS One 11: e0157666.
-
32.
Cheoymang A, Ruenweerayut R, Muhamad P, Rungsihirunrat K, Na-Bangchang K, 2015. Patients’ adherence and clinical effectiveness of a 14-day course of primaquine when given with a 3-day chloroquine in patients with Plasmodium vivax at the Thai-Myanmar border. Acta Trop 152: 151–156.
-
33.
Yeshiwondim AK, Tekle AH, Dengela DO, Yohannes AM, Teklehaimanot A, 2010. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine and chloroquine plus primaquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 113: 105–113.
-
34.
Awab GR, Imwong M, Bancone G, Jeeyapant A, Day NPJ, White NJ, Woodrow CJ, 2017. Chloroquine-primaquine versus chloroquine alone to treat vivax malaria in Afghanistan: an open randomized superiority trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1782–1787.
-
35.
Rishikesh K, Kamath A, Hande MH, Vidyasagar S, Acharya RV, Acharya V, Belle J, Shastry AB, Saravu K, 2015. Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine-primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from a tertiary care hospital in southwestern India. Malar J 14: 310.
-
36.
Carmona-fonseca J, Álvarez G, Blair S, 2006. Malaria por Plasmodium vivax : curación del ataque agudo con tres dosis diferentes de primaquina y dosis fija de cloroquina. Biomédica 26: 343–365.
-
37.
Alvarez G, Piñeros JG, Tobón A, Ríos A, Maestre A, Blair S, Carmona-Fonseca J, 2006. Efficacy of three chloroquine-primaquine regimens for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 605–609.
-
38.
Lacharme L, Carmona-Fonseca J, Tobón-Castaño A, Blair-Trujillo S, Respuesta de P, 1998. Vivax al esquema terapéutico cloroquina-primaquina en Zaragoza y Turbo, Colombia. Infectio 2: 90–94.
-
39.
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-
46.
Zuluaga-Idárraga L, Yepes-Jiménez N, López-Córdoba C, Blair-Trujillo S, 2014. Validation of a method for the simultaneous quantification of chloroquine, desethylchloroquine and primaquine in plasma by HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 95: 200–206.
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