In Haiti, measles, rubella, and maternal and neonatal tetanus have been eliminated, but a diphtheria outbreak is ongoing as of 2019. We conducted a national representative, household-based, two-stage cluster survey among children aged 5–7 years in 2017 to assess progress toward maintenance of control and elimination of selected vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). We stratified Haiti into west region (west department, including the capital city) and non-west region (all other departments). We obtained vaccination history and dried blood spots, and measured antibody concentrations to VPDs on a multiplex bead assay. Among 1,146 children, national seropositivity was 83% (95% CI: 80–86%) for tetanus, 83% (95% CI: 81–85%) for diphtheria, 87% (95% CI: 85–89%) for measles, and 84% (95% CI: 81–87%) for rubella. None of the children had long-term immunity to tetanus or diphtheria (IgG concentration ≥ 1 international unit/mL). Seropositivity in the west region was lower than that in the non-west region. Vaccination coverage was 68% (95% CI: 61–74%) for ≥ 3 doses of tetanus- and diphtheria-containing vaccine (DTP3), 84% (95% CI: 80–87%) for one dose of measles–rubella (MR1) vaccine, and 20% (95% CI: 16–24%) for MR2. The seroprevalence of measles, rubella, and diphtheria antibodies is lower than population immunity levels needed to prevent disease transmission, particularly in the west region; reintroduction of these diseases could lead to an outbreak. To maintain VPD control and elimination, Haiti should achieve DTP3 and MR2 coverage ≥ 95%, and include tetanus and diphtheria booster doses in the routine immunization schedule.