| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. The disease is of greatest public health importance in rural areas of Asia and on Western Pacific Islands. Prompt, accurate diagnosis allows institution of specific antibiotic treatment, which markedly reduces morbidity and mortality.1,2 Effective serologic assays have been developed that use crude O. tsutsugamushi antigens3 and, more recently, recombinant 56-kDa outer membrane protein antigens.4 Orientia tsutsugamushi can be isolated by inoculating patient blood into mice, but results are not available in time to guide clinical management. The causative organism can also be demonstrated by standard and by nested PCR.5–7 Real-time PCR assays are as sensitive as standard PCR but are more rapid and can give quantitative results. A real-time quantitative PCR assay (qPCR) for detecting O. tsutsugamushi nucleic acid in infected mouse and monkey blood was recently described.8 Using the same primer and probe as did Jiang and others, we performed qPCR on clinical specimens taken from Thai patients with proven scrub typhus infection. The primer was designed based on sequences of an O. tsutsugamushi 47-kDa surface antigen.8 The 47-kDa gene sequences of the Karp, Kato, Gilliam, and Boryong strains of O. tsutsugamushi are similar to those of the genes of the high-temperature requirement (HtrA) family of stress response proteins that have both chaperone and endoprotease activities.8
Whole blood and sera had originally been collected during a treatment trial of drug-resistant scrub typhus in Chiangrai, northern Thailand.9 Orientia tsutsugamushi infection was confirmed serologically by the indirect immunoperoxidase test when the IgM titer on admission was 1:400 or greater and/or the IgG titer was 1:1600 or greater. Orienta tsutsugamushi was isolated from some patients using animal passage. Briefly, ICR mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of whole patient blood at the bedside. After several passages, organisms were demonstrated in liver-spleen homogenates by Giemsa stain.9 Control specimens from individuals without scrub typhus were taken from normal volunteers who lived in areas not endemic for O. tsutsugamush and from patients with dengue fever and leptospirosis. Genomic DNA from 200 µL human whole blood and 200 µL human sera was extracted using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kits (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).
We used LightCycler (Idaho Technology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) with paired oligonucleotide primers specific for the Rickettsia amplicon for qPCR. A 20 µL total volume sample mixture was used that included 10 µL of DNA template, 2.0 µL of a LightCycler FastStart DNA Hybridization Probe kit (Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany) that included Taq DNA polymerase and reaction buffer dNTP mix, and 2.4 µL of 3 mM MgCl2 (Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany). Also used were 0.1 µM of forward and reverse primers (O.tsu630F and O.tsu 747R)8 and 0.2 µM O.tsuPR665 TaqMan probe.8 Specimens for PCR were incubated at 94°C for 3 minutes, followed by 80 cycles of two-step amplification at 94°C for 5 seconds and combined annealing/ extension at 60°C for 30 seconds. The temperature transition rate was set at 20°C per second. Normal DNA was used as a negative control, and L929 mouse fibroblast cells infected by O. tsutsugamushi were used as a positive control. Plasmids containing a single copy of the Kato 47-kDa gene and diluted from 1010 to 100 using AE buffer were used for qPCR using multiple beads (OmniMix HS, TaKaRa Bio Inc., Japan).
DNA specimens from patients without scrub typhus were used as negative controls. All 12 such DNA specimens were unreactive by real-time PCR. These included nine normal volunteers, two patients with dengue fever, and one patient with leptospirosis. Positive controls included plasmid DNA and DNA from O. tsutsugamushi–infected cell culture. All positive control specimens were reactive by real-time PCR. A total of 27 specimens from patients with serologically proven scrub typhus infection were assayed; 10 specimens were from patients in whom O. tsutsugamushi had been demonstrated by mouse inoculation, and 17 specimens were from patients in whom mouse inoculation had not demonstrated O. tsutsugamushi. PCR was more sensitive for detecting O. tsutsugamushi than was mouse inoculation (Table 1
). All 10 isolate-positive specimens were reactive by PCR, as were 7 of 17 isolate-negative specimens (P = 0.003, two-tailed Fisher’s exact test). Seven sera from mouse isolate-positive patients were also tested by PCR; 4 of the 7 were reactive.
|
).
|
). Orientia tsutsugamushi was also demonstrated by PCR in acute sera from four of seven isolate-positive individuals. Orientia tsutsugamushi is intracellular, so performing qPCR on sera would be expected to be less sensitive. However, performing this assay on sera might be a useful option when cellular specimens are not available. There are several applications of qPCR for scrub typhus, although its use for routine diagnosis is probably not necessary because several excellent, less expensive, rapid antibody-based serological tests have been developed.4 Rapid tests are positive in more than 90% of individuals with scrub typhus during the first week of fever.3 However, relapsing scrub typhus cannot be distinguished from other causes of fever by serology. The demonstration of O. tsutsugamushi by qPCR would be very helpful for the diagnosis of relapse. Real-time PCR could also be useful in cases where serology results are not clear-cut. The demonstration of scrub typhus with diminished antibiotic susceptibility10 has stimulated a search for antibiotics more effective than tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Quantitative PCR could serve as an objective marker of treatment response in clinical trials of new antibiotics for the treatment of O. tsutsugamushi infection.
Received May 26, 2004. Accepted for publication August 30, 2004.
Financial support: This work was supported by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University.
Authors’ addresses: Tasawan Singhsilarak, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400, Telephone: 662-354-9100 ext. 2073, Fax: 662-354-1792, E-mail: tmtss{at}mahidol.ac.th. Wattana Leowattana, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400, Telephone: 662-354-9100 ext. 2039, Fax: 662-354-9168, E-mail: leowattana{at}yahoo.com. Sornchai Looareesuwan, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400, Telephone: 662-354-9159, Fax: 662-354-9158, E-mail: tmslr{at}mshidol.ac.th. Varee Wongchotigul, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400, Telephone: 662-354-9100 ext. 2075, E-mail: tmvwc{at}mahidol.ac.th. Ju Jiang, Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, Telephone: 301-319-7249, Fax: 301-319-7460, E-mail: JiangJ{at}nmrc.navy.mail. Allen L. Richards, Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, Telephone: 301-319-7668, Fax: 301-319-7460, E-mail: RichardsA{at}nmrc.navy.mil. George Watt, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400, Telephone: 662-354-1754, Fax: 662-354-1792, E-mail: gwattth{at}yahoo.com.
Reprint requests: George Watt, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  N. Lee, M. Ip, B. Wong, G. Lui, O. T. Y. Tsang, J. Y. Lai, K. W. Choi, R. Lam, T. K. Ng, J. Ho, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Life-threatening Rickettsial Infections Am J Trop Med Hyg, June 1, 2008; 78(6): 973 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.-M. Kim, S.-C. Lim, K. J. Won, Y.-J. Choi, K.-H. Park, and W.-J. Jang Severe Scrub Typhus Confirmed Early via Immunohistochemical Staining Am J Trop Med Hyg, October 1, 2007; 77(4): 719 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. CAO, H. GUO, T. TANG, C. WANG, X. LI, X. PAN, Z. JIN, and J. TANG PREPARATION OF RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN OF O. TSUTSUGAMUSHI PTAN STRAIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID DIAGNOSTIC REAGENT FOR SCRUB TYPHUS Am J Trop Med Hyg, March 1, 2007; 76(3): 553 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. SONTHAYANON, W. CHIERAKUL, V. WUTHIEKANUN, S. D. BLACKSELL, K. PIMDA, Y. SUPUTTAMONGKOL, S. PUKRITTAYAKAMEE, N. J. WHITE, N. P. DAY, and S. J. PEACOCK RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF SCRUB TYPHUS IN RURAL THAILAND USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION Am J Trop Med Hyg, December 1, 2006; 75(6): 1099 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
