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Am. J. Trop. Med., s1-28(1), 1948, pp. 1-22
Copyright © 1948 by American Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Immunization of Monkeys against Malaria by Means of Killed Parasites with Adjuvants1,2,

Jules Freund, K. Jefferson Thomson3, Harriet E. Sommer, Annabel W. Walter AND Teresa M. Pisani
From the Division of Applied Immunology of The Public Health Research Institute of The City of New York, Inc., and The Department of Health, Bureau of Laboratories of The City of New York

1. Killed P. knowlesi parasites emulsified in paraffin oil containing killed tubercle bacilli protect rhesus monkeys against fatal infection with P. knowlesi. The infection results in the immunized monkey in low grade parasitemia of short duration whereas in the unimmunized monkey almost invariably in high parasitemia and death.
2. No satisfactory substitutes were found for killed tubercle bacilli; cerotic acid gave inconstant results; lipid extracts of mycobacteria, cholesterol and "lecithin" were ineffective. When peanut oil was substituted for paraffin oil and Arlacel for Falba no protection occurred.
3. Preparations containing non-parasitized red blood cells, Falba, paraffin oil and killed tubercle bacilli did not immunize.
4. Killed P. knowlesi induce the production of complement fixing antibodies. When adjuvants are combined with the parasites the antibody titers are higher. In general, the groups of monkeys with higher titers show protection but there is no strict correlation in individual monkeys between antibody titer and protection.


1 This study was aided by a grant from the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation.


2 Dr. Eugene M. Schryver of the Department of Health, City of New York, in charge of the Research and Antitoxin Laboratory at Otisville, N. Y., cooperated throughout this and the studies on immunization of ducks. Our indebtedness for his unfailing cooperation is gratefully acknowledged. Miss Marcia Lane and Miss Edna R. Stern assisted in this study.


3 Surgeon (R), U. S. Public Health Service.






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Copyright © 1948 by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.