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Effects of Latitude and Longitude on the Population Structure of Culex pipiens s.l., Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America

Frances Edillo^*, Anthony Kiszewski, Justin Manjourides, Marcello Pagano, Michael Hutchinson, Andrew Kyle, Jorge Arias, David Gaines, Richard Lampman, Robert Novak, Ivo Foppa, Charles Lubelcyzk, Robert Smith, Abelardo Moncayo, Andrew Spielman The Culex pipiens Working Group

We assessed the structure and latitudinal selection that might result in sensitivities to critical day-lengths that trigger diapause between Culex pipiens populations distributed along North-South and East-West axes in eastern North America. Strong population structure between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus existed. Among Cx. p. pipiens, a 100-km increase in the latitudinal change resulted in an increased square root of F_ST by 0.002. A 100-km increase in the longitudinal change caused an increased square root of F_ST by 0.035. A lack of latitudinal influence on the structure between Cx. p. pipiens populations suggests a uniform signal using the 12 microsatellite markers, which might increase the risk of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission toward northern areas because of longer breeding season, extend host-seeking period, and larger population size. Northern Cx. p. pipiens may have undergone additional generations before diapause is triggered, magnifying population size when WNV amplification is peaking.

Received November 18, 2008. Accepted for publication July 15, 2009.

Acknowledgments. The authors thank N. Grefe, S. Hutter, M. Holman, R. Robich, M. Tabibi, N. Whitehurst, and M. Reddy for their help in obtaining and/or rearing mosquito samples.

Financial support: This research was supported by Grant RO1A1 52284 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and funds provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under Grant RO1 A1 44064 from the National Institutes of Health to the late A.S. Statistical analyses of latitude and longitude were supported by Grant T32 AI007535 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease to J.M. and Grant RO1 EB 006195 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering to M.P. This work is dedicated in memory of Andrew Spielman, a famous scientist and professor who died after completing the molecular work by F.E.E.

^* Address correspondence to Frances Edillo, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines. E-mail: fraedil{at}yahoo.com

Other members of the Culex pipiens Working Group include Louise Bugbee (Lehigh County Agricultural Center, Pennsylvania State Universities, Allentown, PA), Jennifer S. Armistead (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD), Jennifer H. Gentry (Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, VA), Penelope Smelser (Vector Control Division, Norfolk Department of Public Health, Norfolk, VA), Michael Anderson (Memphis and Shelby County Health Department, 2480 Central, Memphis, TN), and Mario Boisvert (Société de Protection des Forêts Contre les Insectes et Maladies, Québec, Canada).

Authors’ addresses: Frances Edillo, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA 02115; Current: Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines. Anthony Kiszewski, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA 02115; Current: Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham MA 02454. Justin Manjourides and Marcello Pagano, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA 02115. Michael Hutchinson and Andrew Kyle, Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, PA 17105. Jorge Arias, Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, VA 22030. David Gaines, Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, VA 23218. Richard Lampman, Illinois Natural History Survey, Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Champaign, IL 61820. Robert Novak, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294. Ivo Foppa, Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112. Charles Lubelcyzk and Robert Smith, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, South Portland, ME 04106. Abelardo Moncayo, Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Vector-borne Disease Section, Nashville, TN 37216. Andrew Spielman, deceased.

Note: Supplemental tables can be found online at www.ajtmh.org.