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Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81(5), 2009, pp. 740-746
doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0194;
Copyright © 2009 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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CASE REPORT


Successful Sporozoite Challenge Model in Human Volunteers with Plasmodium vivax Strain Derived from Human Donors

Sócrates Herrera*, Olga Fernández, María R. Manzano, Bermans Murrain, Juana Vergara, Pedro Blanco, Ricardo Palacios, Juan D. Vélez, Judith E. Epstein, Mario Chen-Mok, Zarifah H. Reed, AND Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Centro Internacional de Vacunas, Cali, Colombia; Departamento de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Fundación Clínica Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Family Health International, Durham, North Carolina; Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

 

ABSTRACT

Successful establishment of a Plasmodium vivax sporozoite challenge model in humans is described. Eighteen healthy adult, malaria-naïve volunteers were randomly allocated to Groups A–C and exposed to 3 ± 1, 6 ± 1, and 9 ± 1 bites of Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes infected with P. vivax, respectively. Seventeen volunteers developed signs and symptoms consistent with malaria, and geometric mean prepatent periods of 11.1 days (9.3–11) for Group A; 10.8 days (9.8–11.9) for Group B; and 10.6 days (8.7–12.4) for Group C, with no statistically significant difference among groups (Kruskal-Wallis, P = 0.70). One volunteer exposed to eight mosquito bites did not develop a parasitemia. No differences in parasite density were observed and all individuals successfully recovered after anti-malarial treatment. None of the volunteers developed parasite relapses within an 18-month follow-up. In conclusion, malaria-naive volunteers can be safely and reproducibly infected with bites of 2–10 An. albimanus mosquitoes carrying P. vivax sporozoites. This challenge method is suitable for vaccine and anti-malarial drug testing.

Received April 15, 2009. Accepted for publication July 24, 2009.

Acknowledgments: The investigators express their sincere gratitude to the volunteers who participated in this study. We also thank the Fundación Clínica Valle del Lili (FCVL) for the services of their blood bank and emergency room. We wish to give special acknowledgment to the team at MVDC that supported the work for this study, particularly A. C. Londoño, F. Zamora, L. Acuna, A. Jordan, A. Rincon, and F. Yasnot.

Financial support: This work was supported by World Health Organization Initiative for Vaccine Research (grant no. LA35735G), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID grant no. AI49486-05/TMRC), Colombian National Research Council, COLCIENCIAS, and the Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center Foundation. The contribution of U.S. Navy staff was supported by Work Unit Number 6000.RAD1.F.A309.

Disclosure: Judith E. Epstein is a service member in the U.S. Navy. This work was prepared as part of her official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. §105 provides that "Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government." Title 17 U.S.C. §101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties.

Disclaimer: The views in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Department of the Navy, U.S. Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.

* Address correspondence to Sócrates Herrera, Centro Internacional de Vacunas, AA 26020, Cali, Colombia. E-mail: sherrera{at}inmuno.org

Authors’ addresses: Sócrates Herrera, Olga Fernández, Bermans Murrain, Juana Vergara, Pedro Blanco, and Myriam Arévalo-Herrera, Instituto de Inmunología, Edificio de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, sede San Fernando, AA 25574, Tel: (572)-5581931, Fax: (572)-5570449 and Centro Internacional de Vacunas, AA 26020, Tel: (572)-5574929, Fax: (572)-5574921 ext. 102, Cali, Colombia, E-mails: sherrera{at}inmuno.org, olgalufe{at}yahoo.com, bermansmurrain{at}yahoo.com, jvergara{at}inmuno.org, pblancot{at}gmail.com, and marevalo{at}inmuno.org. María R. Manzano, Departamento de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Nacional, Tel: (57)-316-445-2253, Palmira, Colombia, E-mail: mrmanzano{at}palmira.unal.edu.co. Ricardo Palacios, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Rua Napoleao de Barros, 715, Sao Paulo, CEP 040024-002, Brazil, Tel: (55)-11-6452-4271, Fax: (55)-11-6463 2933, E-mail: ricardopalacios{at}gmx.net. Juan D. Vélez, Fundación Clínica Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia, AA 020338, Tel: (572)-3319090, E-mail: jdvelez{at}telesat.com.co. Judith E. Epstein, US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD. Mario Chen-Mok, Family Health International, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, Tel: (919)-544-7040 ext. 11399, Fax: (919)-544-7261, E-mail: mchen{at}fhi.org. Zarifah H. Reed, Regional Emerging Diseases Intervention (REDI) Centre. 10 Biopolis Road #02-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Tel: (65)-9839-8084, Fax: (65)-6874-7031, E-mail: zareed{at}redi.org.sg.

Reprint requests: Sócrates Herrera, Centro Internacional de Vacunas, AA 26020, Cali, Colombia, E-mail: sherrera{at}inmuno.org.






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Copyright © 2009 by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.