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Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81(3), 2009, pp. 525-528
Copyright © 2009 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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SHORT REPORT


Prevalence of Antimalarial Drug Resistance Mutations in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from a Malaria-Endemic Area of Pakistan

Lubna Khatoon, Frederick N. Baliraine*, Mariangela Bonizzoni, Salman A. Malik, AND Guiyun Yan
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California

 

ABSTRACT

To study drug resistance in Bannu district, a malaria-endemic area in Pakistan, molecular-based analyses were undertaken. In Plasmodium vivax, antifolate resistance mutations were detected in pvdhfr gene codons 57, 58, and 117, with a 117N mutation frequency of 93.5%. All P. falciparum isolates exhibited double 59R + 108N mutations in pfdhfr, whereas the triple mutant 59R + 108N + 437G haplotype was found in 31.8% isolates. Furthermore, all (100%) P. falciparum isolates exhibited the key chloroquine resistance mutation, pfcrt 76T, which is also associated with resistance to amodiaquine. Additionally, pfmdr1 86Y and D1042Y mutations were, respectively, detected in 32% and 9% isolates. These results indicate an emerging multi-drug resistance problem in P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria parasites in Pakistan.

Received April 22, 2009. Accepted for publication June 8, 2009.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank the study participants for being involved in the study, the staff of the Bannu Women and Children Hospital Malaria Control Program for their cooperation throughout the study, and two anonymous reviewers whose insightful comments and suggestions helped improve the manuscript.

Financial support: This work was financed by a grant from the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan in support of L.K.’s PhD studies at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, and a grant (D43 TW001505) from the National Institutes of Health.

* Address correspondence to Frederick N. Baliraine, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4050. E-mails: fbalirai{at}uci.edu or fbaliraine{at}daad-alumni.de

Authors’ addresses: Lubna Khatoon and Salman A. Malik, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Tel: 092-051-2827274, E-mails: lubnabch{at}hotmail.com and samalikqau{at}yahoo.com. Frederick N. Baliraine, Mariangela Bonizzoni, and Guiyun Yan, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4050, Tel/Fax: 949-824-0249, E-mails: fbalirai{at}uci.edu/fbaliraine{at}daad-alumni.de, mbonizzo{at}uci.edu, and guiyuny{at}uci.edu.






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Copyright © 2009 by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.