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Reduced Efficacy of Pyrethroid Space Sprays for Dengue Control in an Area of Martinique with Pyrethroid Resistance

In the Caribbean, insecticide resistance is widely developed in Aedes aegypti and represents a serious obstacle for dengue vector control. The efficacy of pyrethroid and organophosphate ultra-low volume space sprays was investigated in Martinique where Ae. aegypti has been shown to be resistant to conventional insecticides. In the laboratory, a wild-field caught population showed high levels of resistance to deltamethrin, organophosphate (naled), and pyrethrum. Simulated-field trials showed that this resistance can strongly reduce the knock-down effect and mortality of deltamethrin and synergized pyrethrins when applied by thermal-fogging. Conversely, the efficacy of naled was high against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Chemical analyses of nettings exposed to the treatments showed a decrease in residues over distance from release for the pyrethroids, and naled was not detected. This finding has important implications for dengue vector control and emphasizes the need to develop innovative strategies to maintain effective control of resistant Ae. aegypti populations.

Received May 7, 2008. Accepted for publication November 11, 2008.

Acknowledgments: We thank Stéphane Duchon, Julien Bonnet, Céline Charles, Said Crico, and Serge Selior for technical support; AMVAC Chemical Corporation (Los Angeles, CA), Bayer Environmental Science (Lyon, France), AgrEVO (Herts, United Kingdom), Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany) and the Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (Nakuru, Kenya) for providing technical grades and formulations of insecticides; and the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Quality Control of Pesticides (Gembloux, Belgium) for performing chemical analysis.

Financial support: This study was supported by the French Agency for Environmental Health and Safety (AFSSET).

^* Address correspondence to Sébastien Marcombe, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre les Insectes Nuisibles, Unité de Recherche 016, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. E-mail: marcombe{at}mpl.ird.fr

Authors’ addresses: Sébastien Marcombe, Frédéric Darriet, and Vincent Corbel, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre les Insectes Nuisibles, Unité de Recherche 016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mails: marcombe{at}mpl.ird.fr, darriet{at}mpl.ird.fr, and corbel{at}ird.fr. Alexandre Carron, Michel Tolosa, and Christophe Lagneau, Entente Interdépartementale pour la Démoustication du Littoral Méditerranéen (EID Méditerranée), 165 Avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France, E-mails: acarron{at}eid-med.org, mtlosa{at}eid-med.org, and clagneau{at}eid-med.org. Manuel Etienne, Marie Michèle Yp-Tcha, and André Yébakima, Centre de Démoustication, Conseil Général de la Martinique, BP 679 Avenue Pasteur, 97200 Fort de France, Martinique, E-mails: etiennemanuel{at}yahoo.fr, yp-tcha{at}cg972.fr, and Yebakima{at}cg972.fr. Philip Agnew, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte Recherche 2724, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mail: agnew{at}mpl.ird.fr.