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Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission Cycle Among Wild and Domestic Mammals in Three Areas of Orally Transmitted Chagas Disease Outbreaks

We report Trypanosoma cruzi infection in wild and domestic mammals from three orally acquired Chagas disease outbreak areas in Brazil. Cachoeiro do Arari (Pará) displayed a panzootic scenery (positive mammals in all ecologic strata), and human cases were probably the consequence of their exposure within the sylvatic T. cruzi transmission cycle. In Navegantes (Santa Catarina), Didelphis spp. was the main reservoir host, given that 93% were infected. In Redenção (Ceará), Monodelphis domestica and Thrichomys laurentius were also important for parasite maintenance. TCI was present in the three studied areas. Additionally, Z3 was detected in an armadillo from Pará and TCII in a triatomine from Navegantes. Domestic animals showed a high seroprevalence and should be considered sentinels in surveillance programs. The importance of a reduction in wild mammalian fauna diversity and selection of suitable T. cruzi reservoir hosts are discussed as risk factors for the re-emergence of Chagas disease.

Received March 12, 2008. Accepted for publication June 20, 2008.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank the Secretary of Health from Santa Catarina and Pará states and the Endemy Nucleus from Ceará state and their staff technicians for making this work possible. The authors also thank Dr. Vera Bongertz for insightful comments and English correction and the CGLab and Chagas disease National Control Program of the Brazilian Health Ministry, the Direction of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, and the Vice-presidency of Reference Service and Environment for investing in our research.

Financial support: This study was supported by IOC/FIOCRUZ, VPSRA/FIOCRUZ, CGLab/MS, PAPES/FIOCRUZ, CNPq, and FAPERJ.

^* Address correspondence to Ana M. Jansen, Laboratory of Tripanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Carlos Chagas, 3 andar, CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro/ RJ, Brazil. E-mail: jansen{at}ioc.fiocruz.br

Authors’ addresses: André Luiz R. Roque, Samanta C. C. Xavier, Ana Cláudia M. Duarte, and Ana M. Jansen, Laboratory of Tripanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Carlos Chagas, 3 andar, CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro/ RJ, Brazil, Tel: 55-21-25984324, Fax: 55-21-25606572, E-mail: jansen{at}ioc.fiocruz.br. André Luiz R. Roque, Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Leônidas Deane, sala 509, CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro/ RJ, Brazil, Tel: 55-21-38658226, E-mail: roque{at}ioc.fiocruz.br. Marconny G. da Rocha and Paulo S. D’Andrea, Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Arthur Neiva, sala 14, CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil, Tel: 55-21-25984338, Fax: 55-21-22803740, E-mail: dandrea{at}ioc.fiocruz.br.

Reprint requests: André Luiz R. Roque, Laboratory of Tripanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Carlos Chagas, 3 andar, CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil, E-mail: roque{at}ioc.fiocruz.br.