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Genetic Insights into the Population Structure of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Northeastern United States by Using Microsatellite Analysis

Members of the Culex pipiens complex are considered as biting nuisance and vectors of important arbo-viruses including West Nile virus (WNV). To analyze the genetic structure of urban and rural populations of Cx. pipiens form pipiens and gain insights into behavioral implications, mosquitoes were collected from established WNV transmission foci in Connecticut from October 2006 through October 2007, examined by using microsatellite markers, and compared with other populations from neighboring states in the northeastern United States. The mean numbers of alleles per locus for the aboveground Cx. pipiens form pipiens populations ranged from 11.5 ± 2.3 to 13.2 ± 2.4 and were not significantly different. In contrast, Cx. pipiens form molestus had greatly reduced allelic diversities with an average of 4.4 ± 1.2 alleles per locus, which was significantly lower than that of any of the Cx. pipiens form pipiens populations analyzed. We did not detect significant genetic differences between urban and rural populations of Cx. pipiens form pipiens from Connecticut nor did we observe temporal genetic changes. However, in a comparative analysis with populations of neighboring states, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts, genetic variations associated with geographic distance were identified. In the analyses of Bayesian clustering and principal component analysis, we identified two clusters separating Cx. pipiens form molestus from Cx. pipiens form pipiens populations, indicating that Cx. pipiens form molestus was genetically distinct from any of the Cx. pipiens form pipiens populations examined during this study.

Received February 26, 2008. Accepted for publication July 15, 2008.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Dina Fonseca of Rutgers University for constructive advice during the study, Gisella Caccone and Carol Mariani of Yale Molecular Systematics and Conservation Genetics Laboratory for suggestions and technical support, Philip Armstrong of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for helpful discussions, and Ary Farajollahi for providing the mosquito samples from New Jersey. We are also grateful to our support staff, Michael Thomas and John Shepard, for collecting and identifying mosquito samples.

Financial support: Funding for this research was provided in part by Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases Cooperative Agreement Number U50/CCU6806-01-1 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Specific Cooperative Agreement Number 58-6615-1-218 and USDA-administered Hatch funds CONH00768 to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

^* Address correspondence to Shaoming Huang, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511. E-mail: Shaoming.huang{at}po.state.ct.us

Note: A Supplemental Figure and Tables appear online at www.ajtmh.org.

Authors’ addresses: Shaoming Huang, Goudarz Molaei, and Theodore G. Andreadis, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504, Tel: 203-974-8510, Fax: 203-974-8502.

Reprint requests: Theodore G. Andreadis, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504 , Tel : 203-974-8510 , Fax : 203-974-8502 , E- mail: Theodore.Andreadis{at}po.state.ct.us.