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Identification and Geographic Distribution of the ACE-1^R Mutation in the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae in South-Western Burkina Faso, West Africa

Resistance of Anopheles gambiae to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides was first reported in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Subsequent studies revealed that it resulted from a single point mutation in the oxyanion hole of the acetycholinesterase enzyme (ace-1^R mutation). We investigated the distribution and prevalence of the ace-1^R mutation in An. gambiae s.l. populations from seven locations in south-western Burkina Faso. The ace-1^R mutation was found in both M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s., but it was absent in An. arabiensis. Its frequency ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 in S form and 0.04 to 0.13 in M form, though they were sympatric. The lack of homozygous resistance indicated a strong genetic cost associated with the mutation. These data suggest that organophosphate and carbamate resistance conferred by target site insensitivity is spreading in populations of An. gambiae s.s. from West Africa.

Received May 26, 2007. Accepted for publication October 31, 2007.

Acknowledgments: We thank J. B. Ouedraogo, the head of IRSS, for his support during the study. Our thanks also go to A. Ouattara for his participation in mosquitoe sample collection. Finally, we thank Sébastien Koudénoukpo of the Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou for his help with the genotyping.

Financial support: This study and Luc Djogbénou were supported by a grant from Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD).

^* Address correspondence to Luc Djogbénou, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. E-mail: Luc.Djogbenou{at}ird.fr

Authors’ addresses: Luc Djogbénou and Martin Akogbéto, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin, Tel: +229-21-33-08-25, Fax: +229-21-37-49-81, E-mail: Luc.Djogbenou{at}ird.fr. Roch Dabiré and Abdoulaye Diabaté, Laboratoire d’Entomologie et de Parasitologie, IRSS/Centre Muraz, BP 153, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Tel: 226- 97-01-02, Fax: 226-97-04-57. Pierre Kengne, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre les Insectes Nuisibles, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France, Tel: 33-4-67-04-32- 23, Fax: 33-4-67-54-20-44. Jean-Marc Hougard and Fabrice Chandre, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD/CREC), 01 BP 4414 RP, Cotonou, Bénin, Tel: +229-21-37-49-82, Fax: +229-21-37-49-81.

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