| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Plasmodium vivax threatens almost 40% of the world’s population, resulting in 132–391 million clinical infections each year. Most of these cases originate from Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, although a significant number also occurs in Africa and South America. Although often regarded as causing a benign and self-limiting infection, there is increasing evidence that the overall burden, economic impact, and severity of disease from P. vivax have been underestimated. Malaria control strategies have had limited success and are confounded by the lack of access to reliable diagnosis, emergence of multidrug resistant isolates, the parasite’s ability to transmit early in the course of disease and relapse from dormant liver stages at varying time intervals after the initial infection. Progress in reducing the burden of disease will require improved access to reliable diagnosis and effective treatment of both blood-stage and latent parasites, and more detailed characterization of the epidemiology, morbidity, and economic impact of vivax malaria. Without these, vivax malaria will continue to be neglected by ministries of health, policy makers, researchers, and funding bodies.
Received October 25, 2006. Accepted for publication February 24, 2007.
Acknowledgments: We thank Simon Hay, Kathryn Maitland, and Bob Snow for their helpful comments on the manuscript. RP is funded by a Wellcome Trust Career Development Award (074637). CAG is supported by a Wellcome Trust Project grant (#076951) attached to the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP, http://www.map.ox.ac.uk). NJW is a Wellcome Trust Principal Fellow. NA is supported by an NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship.
* Address correspondence to Ric Price, Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia. E-mail: rnp{at}menzies.edu.au
No conflict of interests declared.
Authors’ addresses: Ric Price and Nicholas Anstey, Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia, Tel: (61) 8 8922 8197, Fax: (61) 8 8922 8429, E-mail rnp{at}menzies.edu.au. Emiliana Tjitra, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia. Carlos A. Guerra, Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. Shunmay Yeung, London School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Tel: (44) 7927-2146, E-mail: shunmay.yeung{at}lshtm.ac.uk. Nicholas White, Centre for Vaccinology & Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. Barnadas, L. Musset, E. Legrand, M. Tichit, S. Briolant, T. Fusai, C. Rogier, C. Bouchier, S. Picot, and D. Menard High Prevalence and Fixation of Plasmodium vivax dhfr/dhps Mutations Related to Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine Resistance in French Guiana Am J Trop Med Hyg, July 1, 2009; 81(1): 19 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Rodriguez, A. F. Betanzos-Reyes, J. E. Hernandez-Avila, J. F. Mendez-Galvan, R. Danis-Lozano, and A. Altamirano-Jimenez The Participation of Secondary Clinical Episodes in the Epidemiology of Vivax Malaria during Pre- and Post-Implementation of Focal Control in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico Am J Trop Med Hyg, June 1, 2009; 80(6): 889 - 895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Rezende, E. Tarazona-Santos, A. D A. Couto, C. J. F. Fontes, J. M. De Souza, L. H. Carvalho, and C. F. A. Brito Analysis of Genetic Variability of Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Different Brazilian Amazon Areas Using Tandem Repeats Am J Trop Med Hyg, May 1, 2009; 80(5): 729 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Hasugian, E. Tjitra, A. Ratcliff, H. Siswantoro, E. Kenangalem, R. M. Wuwung, H. L. E. Purba, K. A. Piera, F. Chalfien, J. Marfurt, et al. In Vivo and In Vitro Efficacy of Amodiaquine Monotherapy for Treatment of Infection by Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium vivax Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., March 1, 2009; 53(3): 1094 - 1099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. M. Kocken, E. J. Remarque, M. A. Dubbeld, S. Wein, A. van der Wel, R. J. Verburgh, H. J. Vial, and A. W. Thomas Statistical Model To Evaluate In Vivo Activities of Antimalarial Drugs in a Plasmodium cynomolgi-Macaque Model for Plasmodium vivax Malaria Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2009; 53(2): 421 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. K. Baird Real-World Therapies and the Problem of Vivax Malaria N. Engl. J. Med., December 11, 2008; 359(24): 2601 - 2603. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Karunajeewa, I. Mueller, M. Senn, E. Lin, I. Law, P. S. Gomorrai, O. Oa, S. Griffin, K. Kotab, P. Suano, et al. A Trial of Combination Antimalarial Therapies in Children from Papua New Guinea N. Engl. J. Med., December 11, 2008; 359(24): 2545 - 2557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Barnadas, A. Ratsimbasoa, M. Tichit, C. Bouchier, M. Jahevitra, S. Picot, and D. Menard Plasmodium vivax Resistance to Chloroquine in Madagascar: Clinical Efficacy and Polymorphisms in pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o Genes Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2008; 52(12): 4233 - 4240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Bozdech, S. Mok, G. Hu, M. Imwong, A. Jaidee, B. Russell, H. Ginsburg, F. Nosten, N. P. J. Day, N. J. White, et al. The transcriptome of Plasmodium vivax reveals divergence and diversity of transcriptional regulation in malaria parasites PNAS, October 21, 2008; 105(42): 16290 - 16295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Lek-Uthai, R. Suwanarusk, R. Ruengweerayut, T. S. Skinner-Adams, F. Nosten, D. L. Gardiner, P. Boonma, K. A. Piera, K. T. Andrews, B. MacHunter, et al. Stronger Activity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors against Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium vivax than against Those of P. falciparum Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2008; 52(7): 2435 - 2441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Breman and C. N. Holloway Malaria Surveillance Counts Am J Trop Med Hyg, December 1, 2007; 77(6_Suppl): 36 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Breman, M. S. Alilio, and N. J. White Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III. Progress and Perspectives Am J Trop Med Hyg, December 1, 2007; 77(6_Suppl): vi - xi. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
