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Spatial and Temporal Genetic Structure of Anopheles arabiensis in Southern Zambia over Consecutive Wet and Drought Years

No studies have addressed the spatial complexity of Anopheles arabiensis populations in Zambia or the effects of drought on the genetic structure of this species. We genotyped approximately 420 An. arabiensis at 12 microsatellite loci representing 18 collections from the Southern Province of Zambia. Collections spanned three transmission seasons and covered a wet year–drought year–wet year cycle. Anopheles arabiensis within the 2,000 km² of the Macha study region were panmictic, with high gene flow between Macha and Namwala, Zambia, which are 80 km apart. There was little evidence for genetic structuring among years, with no significant shifts in allele frequency distributions or observed heterozygosity, and no evidence for a genetic bottleneck despite a drastic reduction in mosquito numbers during the drought year. Anopheles arabiensis in southern Zambia has a large deme size, and the regional genetic structure of this species was little affected by an extended drought period.

Received December 6, 2006. Accepted for publication May 8, 2007.

Acknowledgments: We thank Harry Hamapumbu for organizing and managing the field team, and Petros Moono, Patricia Muleya, Pamela Sinywimaanzi, Fidelis Chanda, Lusyomo Chikobolo, Collence Munsanje, Rodwell Moono, Peter Simakwati, Guide Hansumo, Scene Mudenda, Betham Dubeka, Frederick Mwiinga, Buster Musanje, Maron Mulota, and Kalizya Sinyangwe for collecting mosquitoes.

Financial support. This study was supported in part by funding to Douglas E. Norris from the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, a Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute pre-doctoral fellowship award to Rebekah J. Kent, a Johns Hopkins School of Public of Medicine Global Field Experience Fund award to Rebekah J. Kent, a Frederik B. Bang award to Rebekah J. Kent, and a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences training award (T32ES07141) to Rebekah J. Kent.

^* Address correspondence to Rebekah J. Kent, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522. E-mail: fxk7{at}cdc.gov

Note: Supplementary Table 1, Observed and Expected Heterozygosity for Anopheles arabiensis Collections in Macha, Zambia, appears online at www.ajtmh.org.

Authors’ addresses: Rebekah J. Kent, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, Telephone: 970-225-4210, Fax: 970-266-3599, E-mail: fxk7{at}cdc.gov. Sungano Mharakurwa, The Malaria Institute at Macha, PO Box 630166, Choma, Zambia, E-mail: smharaku{at}jhsph.edu. Douglas E. Norris, The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, Telephone: 410-614-2710, Fax: 410-955-0105, E-mail: dnorris{at}jhsph.edu.