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HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION MAPPING OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION RISK IN THE GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA, USING LANDSAT TM SATELLITE IMAGERY

Understanding local variability in malaria transmission risk is critically important when designing intervention or vaccine trials. Using a combination of field data, satellite image analysis, and GIS modeling, we developed a high-resolution map of malaria entomological inoculation rates (EIR) in The Gambia, West Africa. The analyses are based on the variation in exposure to malaria parasites experienced in 48 villages in 1996 and 21 villages in 1997. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) varied from 0 to 166 infective bites per person per rainy season. Detailed field surveys identified the major Anopheles gambiae s.l. breeding habitats. These habitats were mapped by classification of a LANDSAT TM satellite image with an overall accuracy of 85%. Village EIRs decreased as a power function based on the breeding areas size and proximity. We use this relationship and the breeding habitats to map the variation in EIR over the entire 2500-km² study area.

Received July 8, 2006. Accepted for publication November 7, 2006.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank The Medical Research Council Laboratories in The Gambia for providing laboratory facilities for the project. Special thanks go to Pate Makalo, Ngansu Tourey, Seleman Bah, Yaya Bah, Fabakari Sanyang, Joseph Bas, Karang Njey, and Lamin Bojang for excellent assistance during the field and laboratory work in The Gambia. We also thank Danida (RUF), Knud Højgaards Fond, and DBL-Institute for Health Research and Development for providing funds and facilities for the project. Special thanks go to Henry Madsen for statistical advice and to Henrik Stolpe and Bennedikte Loehr for laboratory work done at The Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory.

^* Address correspondence to Claus Bøgh, P.O. Box 2148, Kuta 80361, Bali, Indonesia. E-mail: cbogh{at}cbn.net.id

Authors’ addresses: Claus Bøgh, P.O. Box 2148, Kuta 80361, Bali, Indonesia, Telephone: +62 (0) 361 757149, E-mail: cbogh{at}cbn.net.id. Steven W. Lindsay, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK, Telephone: +44 (0) 191 334 1349, E-mail: s.w.lindsay{at}dur.ac.uk. Christopher J. Thomas, CIRRE, Institute of Rural Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, United Kingdom, E-mail: cjt{at}aber.ac.uk. Siân E. Clarke, Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK, Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7299 4642, E-mail: sian.clarke{at}lshtm.ac.uk. Andy Dean, Hatfield Consultants, 201-1571 Bellevue Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Telephone: +1 (604) 926 3261, E-mail: adean{at}hatfieldgroup.com. Musa Jawara and Margaret Pinder, Medical Research Council Laboratories, P.O. Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia, Telephone: +220 4495442, E-mails: mjawara2000{at}yahoo.co.uk and mpinder{at}qanet.gm.