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Recently, we reported the discovery of several potential rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses in western (Holochilus chacarius) and eastern Paraguay (Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, and O. nigripes). Comparisons of the hantavirus S- and M-segments amplified from these four rodents revealed significant differences from each another and from other South American hantaviruses. The ALP strain from the semiarid Chaco ecoregion clustered with Leguna Negra and Rio Mamore (LN/RM), whereas the BMJ-ÑEB strain from the more humid lower Chaco ecoregion formed a clade with Oran and Bermejo. The other two strains, AAI and IP37/38, were distinct from known hantaviruses. With respect to the S-segment sequence, AAI from eastern Paraguay formed a clade with ALP/LN/RM, but its M-segment clustered with Pergamino and Maciel, suggesting a possible reassortment. AAI was found in areas experiencing rapid land cover fragmentation and change within the Interior Atlantic Forest. IP37/38 did not show any strong association with any of the known hantavirus strains.
Received January 4, 2006. Accepted for publication July 5, 2006.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Robert J. Baker and Heath Garner of the Museum of Texas Tech University for approving and facilitating loans of rodent tissues; the Secretaría del Ambiente (Paraguay) for permits to collect and export rodents and tissues; and the field crew, led by Ismael Mora, for dedication to their work, regardless of circumstances.
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant from the Fogarty International Center 1 R01 TW006986-01 to CBJ under the NIH-NSF Ecology of Infectious Diseases initiative. In addition, this work was supported by a grant from the NIH to B.M., S06 GM08136, project 2-S2. Rodents and tissues were collected under NSF Grants DEB-9400926, DEB-9741543, and DEB-9741134 to R.D.O. and Michael R. Willig.
* Address correspondence to Colleen B. Jonsson, Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2000 9th Avenue South, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205. E-mail jonsson{at}sri.org
Authors’ addresses: Yong-Kyu Chu, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35205, Telephone: 205-581-2693, Fax: 205-581-2093, E-mail: Chu{at}sri.org. Brook Milligan, Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, Telephone: 505-646-7980, Fax: 505-646-5665, E-mail: brook{at}nmsu.edu. Robert D. Owen, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3131, Telephone: 806-742-3232, Fax: 806-742-2963. Douglas Goodin, Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Telephone: 785-532-3411, Fax: 785-532-7310. Colleen B. Jonsson, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35205, Telephone: 205-581-2681, Fax: 205-581-2093, E-mail: jonsson{at}sri.org.
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