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We present evidence that a parasite with characteristics of Plasmodium vivax is being transmitted among Duffy blood group–negative inhabitants of Kenya. Thirty-two of 4,901 Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus (0.65%) collected in Nyanza Province were ELISA positive for the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein VK 247. All positives were found late in the rainy season, when An. funestus predominated, and disproportionately many were found at a single village. A P. vivax specific sequence of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified from three of six ELISA-positive mosquitoes. Erythrocytes from 31 children, including 9 microscopically diagnosed as infected with P. vivax, were negative by flow cytometry for the Fy3 or Fy6 epitopes, which indicate Duffy blood group expression. A DNA fragment specific for the C terminus of the gene for P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) was amplified from the blood of four of these children and subsequently sequenced from two.
Received April 14, 2006. Accepted for publication May 23, 2006.
Acknowledgments: We thank the following for making this research possible: Charles Asiago and Brandon Horne, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya; Andrea Crampton and Edwin Lewis, Virginia Tech; Nongnuj Maneechai, Barnyen Perpanich, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, and Benjawan Khuntirat, AFRIMS, Bangkok; William E. Collins, Adeline Chan, Pam Patterson, and Brad Biggerstaff, CDC; Ann Stewart and Patrick Duffy, WRAIR; and Dr. Makoto Uchikawa, Japanese Red Cross Central Blood Center.
Financial support: This work was funded by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.
Disclaimer: The views presented are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the United States Government.
* Address correspondence to R. Rosenberg, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80521. E-mail: rrosenberg{at}cdc.gov
Jeffrey R. Ryan and José A. Stoute contributed equally to this research.
Authors’ addresses: J. R. Ryan, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, E-mail: Quetzal6E{at}netscape.net. J. A. Stoute, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, E-mail: jose.stoute{at}us.army.mil. J. Amon, Human Rights Watch, New York City, NY 10118, E-mail: amonj{at}hrw.org. R. F. Dunton, US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, APO AP 96343-5006, E-mail: raymond.dunton{at}amedd.army.mil. R. Mtalib, J. Koros, and B. Owuor, US Army Medical Research Unit, PO Box 30137, Nairobi, Kenya. S. Luckhart, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, E-mail: sluckhart{at}ucdavis.edu. R. A. Wirtz, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy., Atlanta, GA 30341, E-mail: bew5{at}cdc.gov. J. W. Barnwell, E-mail: wzb3{at}cdc.gov. R. Rosenberg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80521, E-mail: dcx7{at}cdc.gov.
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