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SALIVARY GLAND EXTRACTS OF CULICOIDES SONORENSIS INHIBIT MURINE LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND NO PRODUCTION BY MACROPHAGES

Culicoides biting midges serve as vectors of pathogens affecting humans and domestic animals. Culicoides sonorensis is a vector of several arboviruses in North American that cause substantial economic losses to the US livestock industry. Previous studies showed that C. sonorensis saliva, like the saliva of many hematophagous arthropods, contains numerous pharmacological agents that affect hemostasis and early events in the inflammatory response, which may enhance the infectivity of Culicoides-borne pathogens. This paper reports on the immunomodulatory properties of C. sonorensis salivary gland extracts on murine immune cells and discusses the possible immunomodulatory role of C. sonorensis saliva in vesicular stomatitis virus infection of vertebrate hosts. Splenocytes treated with C. sonorensis mitogens were significantly affected in their proliferative response, and peritoneal macrophages secreted significantly less NO. A 66-kDa glycoprotein was purified from C. sonorensis salivary gland extract, which may be in part responsible for these observations and may be considered as a vaccine candidate.

Received May 3, 2006. Accepted for publication May 16, 2006.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank B. Drolet and M. A. Stuart, for providing some of the biting midges used in this study and B. Drolet, C. Campbell, and D. Gillespie for reading the manuscript and making valuable comments.

Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (AI 27511 and AI 065784). Portions of this study were part of the PhD dissertation of A.A.P. at the University of Wyoming and supported by the USDA, Agricultural Research Service.

^* Address correspondence to Jeanette V. Bishop, Colorado State University, Department of MIP, 300 W. Lake Street, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523. E-mail: Jeanette.Bishop{at}colostate.edu

Authors’ addresses: J. V. Bishop, J. S. Mejia, and R.G. Titus, Colorado State University, Department of MIP, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, Telephone: 970-491-1607, Fax: 970-491-0603, E-mails: Jeanette.Bishop{at}colostate.edu, Santiago.Mejia{at}colostate.edu, Richard.Titus{at}colostate.edu. A. A. Pérez de León, SCYNEXIS, PO Box 12878, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2878, E-mail: tobe.mexfra{at}scynexis.com. W. J. Tabachnick, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, Vero Beach, FL 32962, Telephone: 772-778-7200, Fax: 772-778-7205, E-mail: wjt{at}ufl.edu.