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The genetic variability and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum are key factors in malaria control strategies. Studies have suggested no P. falciparum population structure although linkage disequilibrium was observed in some African areas. We have assessed length polymorphism at 6–22 microsatellites in four urban and rural sites (Djibouti, Dakar, Niamey, and Zouan-Hounien, n = 240 blood samples). Results have shown a P. falciparum population structure in Africa (Fst = 0.17–0.24), lower genetic diversity in Djibouti (He = 0.53) than in the other sites (He = 0.73–0.76), and 3) significant linkage disequilibrium in Djibouti. These results could be related to geographic isolation and low flow of parasites between sites. They also suggest a potential effect of rural suburbs to generate genetic diversity in towns. This could affect the dispersal of selected drug resistance and should be considered when adapting urban malaria control strategies.
Received August 16, 2005. Accepted for publication November 6, 2005.
Acknowledgments: We thank Professor A. Buguet, V. Buguet, Professor J. Lebras, Dr. F. Ariey, and Dr. R. Prescott for helpful comments on the manuscript. We also thank the people of studied sites for their cooperation during the survey. We are also grateful to the team nurses, health workers, and microscopists who made this study possible.
Financial support. This study was undertaken within the framework of the PAL+ program (DYNAPOP) supported by the French Ministry of Research (PAL+). It is also supported by the Impact Malaria Program of Sanofi-Synthélabo, the Délégation Générale pour l’Armement (PEA 010808), and the Société de Pathologie Exotique (research grant 2003). Patrick Durand and François Renaud are supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.
Disclosure: None of the authors has commercial or other associations that might pose a conflict of interest.
* Address correspondence to Hervé Bogreau or Christophe Rogier, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Unité de Recherche en Biologie et Epidémiologie Parasitaire, Boulevard Charles Livon, Parc du Pharo, Marseille, France. E-mails: hervebogreau{at}yahoo.fr or christophe.rogier{at}wanadoo.fr
Authors’ addresses: Hervé Bogreau, Housem Bouchiba, Bruno Pradines, Thierry Fusai, and Christophe Rogier, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Unité de Recherche en Biologie et Epidémiologie Parasitaire, Boulevard Charles Livon, Parc du Pharo, Marseille, France, Telephone: 33-6-85-94-12-30 or 33-4-91-15-01-50, Fax: 33-4-91-15-01-64, E-mails: hervebogreau{at}yahoo.fr, housem_b{at}hotmail.com, bruno.pradines{at}free.fr, thierry.fusai{at}free.fr, and christophe.rogier{at}wanadoo.fr. François Renaud and Patrick Durand, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2724, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France, E-mails: renaud{at}mpl.ird.fr and durand{at}mpl.ird.fr. Serge-Brice Assi, Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire, E-mail: assisergi{at}yahoo.fr. Marie-Claire Henry, Centre Muraz, 01 BP390, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina-Faso, E-mail: depauw.henry{at}fasonet.bf. Eric Garnotel, Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Alphonse Laveran, Service de Biologie Médicale, 13013 Marseille, France, E-mail: eganotel{at}mageos.com. Boubacar Wade, Hôpital Principal de Dakar, 1 Avenue Nelson Mandela, BP3006, Dakar, Senegal, E-mail: bwade55{at}yahoo.com. Eric Adehossi, Département de Médecine Interne B3, BP238, Hôpital National de Niamey, Niamey, Niger, E-mail: eadehossi{at}yahoo.fr. Philippe Parola, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unite 399, Institut Fédératif 48, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, E-mail: philippe.parola{at}medecine.univ-mrs.fr. Mohammed Ali Kamil, Direction et Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et d’Hygiène Publique, Djibouti Ville, République de Djibouti, E-mail: drmakamil{at}intnet.dj. Odile Puijalon, Institut Pasteur Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée, 2581, 75015 Paris, France, E-mail: omp{at}pasteur.fr.
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