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PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THERMAL TOLERANCE AND WATER LOSS OF THE TSETSE GLOSSINA PALLIDIPES (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION MODELLING

Using the tsetse, Glossina pallidipes, we show that physiologic plasticity (resulting from temperature acclimation) accounts for among-population variation in thermal tolerance and water loss rates. Critical thermal minimum (CT_Min) was highly variable among populations, seasons, and acclimation treatments, and the full range of variation was 9.3°C (maximum value = 3.1 x minimum). Water loss rate showed similar variation (max = 3.7 x min). In contrast, critical thermal maxima (CT_Max) varied least among populations, seasons, and acclimation treatments, and the full range of variation was only approximately 1°C. Most of the variation among the four field populations could be accounted for by phenotypic plasticity, which in the case of CT_Min, develops within 5 days of temperature exposure and is lost rapidly on return to the original conditions. Limited variation in CT_Max supports bioclimatic models that suggest tsetse are likely to show range contraction with warming from climate change.

Received October 18, 2005. Accepted for publication January 18, 2006.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Andrew Parker and the IAEA/FAO Laboratories for contributing laboratory-rearing equipment, puparia, and source colony information. The fieldwork in Kenya was supported by KETRI who aided us with staff and logistics. Russ Jurenka performed the lipid extractions at ISU. In Stellenbosch, Henry Davids and Larissa Heyns provided laboratory support. Sue Jackson, Allen Gibbs, Saskia Goldberg, and Brent Sinclair are thanked for comments and discussion. Two anonymous referees are thanked for comments.

Financial support: This work was funded by NIH Grant AI-52456 to E. S. Krafsur.

^* Address correspondence to John S. Terblanche, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. E-mail: jst{at}sun.ac.za

Authors’ addresses: John S. Terblanche and Steven L. Chown, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, E-mail: jst{at}sun.ac.za and slchown{at}sun.ac.za. C. Jaco Klok,School of Life Sciences, Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, E-mail: cjklok{at}asu.edu. Elliot S. Krafsur, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, E-mail: ekrafsur{at}iastate.edu.