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Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is initiated by sexual stages in the mosquito. Anti-Pfs48/45 and anti-Pfs230 sexual stage antibodies that are ingested together with parasites can reduce parasite development and subsequently malaria transmission. Acquisition of sexual stage immunity was studied in a cohort of 102 non-immune Javanese individuals migrating to hyperendemic Papua Indonesia. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 and functional transmission-reducing activity (TRA) were measured upon arrival and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Asexual parasitemia and gametocytemia were assessed every two weeks. The TRA and seroreactivity increased with the number of P. falciparum infections. The longitudinally sustained association between TRA and antibodies against Pfs48/45 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.519.29) and Pfs230 (OR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.3610.17) suggests that functional transmission reducing immunity is acquired after limited exposure to infection.
Received September 9, 2005. Accepted for publication October 20, 2005.
Acknowledgments: We thank all the residents from SP2 for their participation in this study; the Ministry of Health in Jakarta and the Provincial Health Service of Papua in Jayapura for their support; the collaborating technicians and assistants at SP2 for a wonderful job during follow-up of participating volunteers; G. J. van Gemert for performing parasite cultures and transmission experiments; and J. P. Verhave for starting the original collaboration.
Financial support: Work in The Netherlands was supported by NWO-WOTRO (WM 93-350; 2003-00702), and European Community KA2 programme 19992003. Work in Indonesia was supported by the Department of Defense Medical Infectious Diseases Research Program.
Disclaimer: The views and opinions are those of the authors and do not purport those of the U.S. Navy or Department of Defense.
* Address correspondence to J. Teun Bousema, Department of Medical Microbiology 268, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. E-mail: t.bousema{at}ncmls.ru.nl
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Authors addresses: J. Teun Bousema, Will Roeffen, Mike van der Kolk, Marga van der Vegte-Bolmer, Karina Teelen, and Robert W Sauerwein, Department of Medical Mirobiology 188, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Telephone: 31-24-361-9515, Fax: 31-24-361-4666. Sake J. de Vlas, Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Telephone: 31-10-408-8285, Fax: 31-10-408-9449. Michael J. Bangs, Jason D. Maguire, and J. Kevin Baird, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, FPO, AP 96520-8132 or JI Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia. Liliana Kurniawan, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Reprint requests: Robert W. Sauerwein, Department of Medical Microbiology 268, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Telephone: 31-24-361-4306, Fax: 31-24-361-4666, E-mail: r.sauerwein{at}mmb.umcn.nl.
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