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In the Guianan ecoregion complex, at least seven Leishmania species belonging to both the L. (Leishmania) Saf’ janova, 1982 and L. (Viannia) Lainson and Shaw, 1987 sub-genera are causative agents of American visceral leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and cutaneous leishmaniases, including localized and diffuse forms. They are mostly sylvatic species subjugated to their own specific Lutzomyia sand fly vectors and to particular wild mammalian reservoir hosts of the dense rain forest. Originally implicated strictly in wild zoonoses and developing in forested ecotopes, Leishmania show a particular adaptive plasticity to face environmental modifications following deforestation and anthropization. This review presents the different pathogenic complexes of these parasites, emphasizes their implication in human diseases, and considers the influence of humans on their ecology.
Received February 18, 2005. Accepted for publication July 13, 2005.
Acknowledgments: I thank Professor Jean-Pierre Dedet, Professor Bernard Carme, and Dr. Mathieu Nacher for helpful discussions.
Financial support: This work was supported by the University of the French West Indies and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Paris, France).
* Address correspondence to Brice Rotureau, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) de Médecine de l’Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana. E-mail: rotureaubrice{at}yahoo.fr
Author’s address: Brice Rotureau, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, Unité de Formation et de Recharche (UFR) de Médecine de l’Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, E-mail: rotureaubrice{at}yahoo.fr.
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