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The productivity of larval habitats of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae for pupae (the stage preceding adult metamorphosis) is poorly known, yet adult emergence from habitats is the primary determinant of vector density. To assess it, we used absolute sampling methods in four studies involving daily sampling for 25 days in 6 habitat types in a village in western Kenya. Anopheles gambiae s.s. comprised 82.5% of emergent adults and Anopheles arabiensis the remainder. Pupal production occurred from a subset of habitats, primarily soil burrow pits, and was discontinuous in time, even when larvae occupied all habitats continuously. Habitat stability was positively associated with pupal productivity. In a dry season, pupal productivity was distributed between burrow pits and pools in streambeds. Overall, these data support the notion that source reduction measures against recognizably productive habitats would be a useful component of an integrated management program for An. gambiae in villages.
Received April 22, 2005. Accepted for publication August 11, 2005.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Samson Otieno, Ben Oloo, Alfred Otete, Richard Nyawalo, George Olang, and Maurice Ombok for sampling work and Joseph Nduati and Lucy Njeri Edwards for laboratory assistance with PCR and species identifications.
Financial support: F. Mutuku was supported by a stipend from a cooperative agreement between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Kenya Medical Research Institute. This study was supported by NIH grant AI-50703 to E. Walker.
* Address correspondence to Edward D. Walker, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. E-mail walker{at}msu.edu
Authors’ addresses. Francis M. Mutuku, M. Nabie Bayoh, John M. Vulule, and Luna Kamau, Vector Biology and Control Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: fmutuku{at}kisian.mimcom.net. John E. Gimnig and William A. Hawley, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033, E-mail: whawley{at}cdc.gov. Edward D. Walker, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, E-mail: walker{at}msu.edu. Ephantus Kabiru, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Reprint requests: Edward D. Walker, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. E-mail: walker{at}msu.edu.
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