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A sampling census revealed 104 aquatic habitats of 6 types for Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae in a village in western Kenya, namely burrow pits, drainage channels, livestock hoof prints, rain pools, tire tracks, and pools in streambeds. Most habitats were created by human activity and were highly clustered in dispersion pattern within the village landscape. Landscape analysis revealed that six of forty-seven 0.09 km2 cells superimposed over the village harbored 65% of all habitats. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with villagers revealed the extent of knowledge of the village residents of larval habitats, mosquito sources in the local environment, and what might be done to prevent mosquito breeding. Participants did not associate specific habitats with anopheline larvae, expressed reluctance to eliminate habitats because they were sources of domestic water supply, but indicated willingness to participate in a source reduction program if support were available.
Received April 21, 2005. Accepted for publication August 11, 2005.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the people of Kisian for their cooperation and interest. We are grateful to Phillister Achien’g, Jacklyne Odongo, Carren Anyango, Dorothy Ochien’g, Ruth Ohuru, Jecinter Rabilo, Maurice Ombok, and George Olang for assisting in organizing and conducting focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. This work was part of a thesis for Master of Public Health degree at Kenyatta University by F. Mutuku.
Financial support: F. Mutuku was supported by a stipend from a cooperative agreement between the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The larval habitat census and mapping was supported by NIH grant AI-50703 to E. Walker.
* Address correspondence to Edward D. Walker, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. E-mail: walker{at}msu.edu
Authors’ addresses: Francis M. Mutuku, Jane A. Alaii, Nabie Bayoh, and John M. Vulule, Vector Biology and Control Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: fmutuku{at}kisian.mimcom.net. Edward D. Walker, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, E-mail: walker{at}msu.edu. Ephantus Kabiru, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. William A. Hawley and John E. Gimnig, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, E-mail whawley{at}cdc.gov.
Reprint requests: Edward D. Walker, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 2215 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, Telephone: 517-355-6463, ext 1595, Fax: 517-353-8957, E-mail: walker{at}msu.edu.
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