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GENETIC AND HOUSEHOLD RISK FACTORS FOR SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM INFECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF LARGER SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MOUNTAINOUS TRANSMISSION AREAS OF CHINA

Schistosoma japonicum egg excretion and kinship relationship data from 13 endemic villages in the mountainous transmission area near Xichang, in Sichuan province, China, were analyzed via a variance components methodology to assess the relative contribution of kinship, shared household, and shared village to the risk of infection. Large intervillage differences in egg counts exist in this region due to differences in transmission potential related to environmental differences in snail density and agricultural practices. After accounting for these intervillage differences, there was no kinship or household effect on egg excretion. This reinforces earlier findings that suggest environmental factors dominate risk in this region.

Received March 3, 2005. Accepted for publication July 7, 2005.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Dr. Jeff Bethony for his initial guidance and encouragement at the outset of the study. The PEDSYS program used in this study was supported by the National Institutes of Health. Both PEDSYS and SOLAR may be downloaded from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research Web site: http://www.sfbr.org/pedsys/pedsys.html and http://www.sfbr.org/solar/index.html. This study was funded in part by grants from the Medical Dean’s Award of the University of Connecticut Medical School and National Institutes of Health (R01 AI-50612).

^* Address correspondence to Edmund Y. W. Seto, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. E-mail: seto{at}berkeley.edu

Authors’ addresses: Edmund Y. W. Seto, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Telephone: 510-642-9219, Fax: 510-642-5815, E-mail: seto{at}berkeley.edu. Bo Zhong, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 10 University Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China, E-mail: zhongbo1968{at}163.com. John Kouch, University of Connecticut Medical School, Medical Student Affairs Office, AG062, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, E-mail: JKouch{at}mph.uchc.edu. Alan Hubbard, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Telephone: 510-642-8365, Fax: 510-642-5815, E-mail: hubbard{at}stat.berkeley.edu. Robert C. Spear, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Telephone: 510-642-0761, Fax: 510-642-5815, E-mail: spear{at}berkeley.edu.

Reprint requests: Edmund Y. W. Seto, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Telephone: 510-642-9219, Fax: 510-642-5815, E-mail: seto{at}berkeley.edu.

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