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CHROMOSOMAL DIFFERENTIATION OF ANOPHELES FUNESTUS FROM LUANDA AND HUAMBO PROVINCES, WESTERN AND CENTRAL ANGOLA

The chromosomal polymorphism of Anopheles funestus sensu stricto from Angola was analyzed from indoor-resting samples collected in 11 peri-urban and rural sites of the Luanda and Huambo Provinces, which are > 450 km apart and have distinct eco-climatic conditions. Five polymorphic paracentric inversions were observed (scored chromatids range = 202 to 248): 2Ra, 2Rh, 3Ra, 3Rb, and 3La. Inversions 3Rb and 3La were highly polymorphic; the 2Ra and 3Ra arrangements were absent in Luanda. No significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibria were found at the locality, commune, or province level (sites 50 km from each other), indicating panmixia in each locale. Pooling the Luanda and Huambo samples produced a Wahlund effect, with significant levels of genetic differentiation suggestive of restrictions to gene flow due to geographic distance. The observation that differentiation was limited to inversions 2Ra and 3Ra can also be interpreted as divergent selection acting on these chromosomal regions between populations from the two provinces.

Received September 24, 2004. Accepted for publication February 10, 2005.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Andrè Francisco Sebastião, Mpova Zambote, Alberto Bunga, and Manuel Alfredo Paulo (Instituto Nacional da Saúde Publica, Luanda) for their technical assistance during the field collections. We are especially grateful to Dr. Stefano Ferroni, Project Manager of the "Programma di Cooperazio ne Socio-Sanitaria AID 5810," and the Trappist Nuns in Huambo for their hospitality. We would like to acknowledge Nora Besansky, Mario Coluzzi, and Roberto Romi for their support and for helpful suggestions that improved an earlier draft of this paper.

Financial support: The Health and Social Program for Cooperation to Development "AID 5810" of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and UNICEF-Angola supported field work. The COFIN program of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research supported C.C.; D.B. and C.C. benefited by financial assistance from the Pal+ project of the French Ministry of Research.

^* Address correspondence to Carlo Costantini, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 01 BP 182, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. E-mail: carlo-costantin{at}ird.bf

Authors’ addresses: Daniela Boccolini, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy, Telephone: +39 06 49903108, Fax: +39 06 49387065. Gian Carlo Carrara, Sezione di Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Roma "la Sapienza," P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy, Telephone: +39 06 4455780, Fax: +39 06 49914653. Ibrahima Dia, Laboratoire d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal, Telephone: +221 8399228, Fax: +221 8399210. Filomeno Fortes and Pedro Jorge Cani, Ministério da Saúde – Programa Nacional de Controle da Malária, Luanda, Angola. Carlo Costantini (formerly at the Department of Public Health, University of Rome "la Sapienza," Italy), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 01 BP 182, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Telephone: +226 50306737, Fax: +226 50310385.

Reprint requests: Dr. Daniela Boccolini, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.