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Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73(4), 2005, pp. 734-743
Copyright © 2005 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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MALE SEX PHEROMONES AND THE PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUTZOMYIA LONGIPALPIS SPECIES COMPLEX (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) FROM BRAZIL AND VENEZUELA

PHILLIP C. WATTS, J. GORDON C. HAMILTON, RICHARD D. WARD, HARRY A. NOYES, NATALY A. SOUZA, STEPHEN J. KEMP, M. DORA FELICIANGELI, REGINALDO BRAZIL, AND RHAYZA D. C. MAINGON*
School of Biological Sciences, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom; Departamento de Entomologia, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos, BIOMED, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela; Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Lutzomyia longipalpis, a sibling complex, is the main vector of Leishmania chagasi/infantum. Discriminating between siblings is important as they may differ in vectorial capacity. Lutzomyia longipalpis populations display distinct male sex pheromone chemotypes. We investigated the phylogeographic pattern of variation at microsatellite loci from 11 populations from Brazil and Venezuela related to their male pheromone. Temporal genetic differentiation was mostly not significant at the same site. Spatial genetic differentiation was, however, strong, although there was only a weak relationship between genetic differentiation and the geographic distance separating the samples (r2 < 0.10); geographic separation explained a much greater (54–97%) percentage of the genetic differences among populations when samples with the same pheromone type were analyzed separately. A cluster analysis showed five groups: Lu. cruzi (Brazil) and Lu. pseudolongipalpis (Venezuela) as separate species, two (mostly 9-methyl-germacrene-B) Venezuelan and Brazilian groups, and a very distinct cluster of Brazilian cembrene populations.

Received May 27, 2004. Accepted for publication May 23, 2005.

Acknowledgments: We thank Jose Wellington and Lindenbergh Souza (Fundação Nacional de Saúde, Ceará, Brazil) and Arturo Bravo (BIOMED, Maracay, Venezuela) for technical assistance in the field. We are also grateful to Emma Jones for sand fly decapitations.

Financial support: This study was supported by the Wellcome Trust (London, United Kingdom), Universidad de Carabobo (Maracay, Venezuela) (project CDCH-FCS-2001-005), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil), and Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

* Address correspondence to Rhayza D. C. Maingon, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom. E-mail: r.d.c.maingon{at}biol.keele.ac.uk

Authors’ addresses: Phillip C. Watts and Stephen J. Kemp, School of Biological Sciences, Liverpool University, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Telephone: 44-151-795-4512, Fax: 44-151-795-4408, E-mails: p.c.watts{at}liv.ac.uk and s.j.kemp{at}liv.ac.uk. J. Gordon C. Hamilton, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom, Telephone: 44-178-258-3026, Fax: 44-178-258-3516, E-mail: bia28{at}keele.ac.uk. Richard D. Ward, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom, Telephone: 44-178-258-3417, Fax: 44-178-258-3516, E-mail: bia40{at}keele.ac.uk. Harry A. Noyes, School of Biological Sciences, Liverpool University, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Telephone: 44-151-794-7334, Fax: 44-151-795-4408, E-mail: harry{at}liv.ac.uk. Nataly A. Souza, Departamento de Entomologia, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Telephone: 55-21-598-4320, Fax: 55-21-257-34468, E-mail: souzana{at}ioc.fiocruz.br. M. Dora Feliciangeli, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos, BIOMED, Universidad de Carabobo, Nucleo Aragua, Maracay, Apartado 4873, Venezuela, Telephone and Fax: 58-243-242-0559, E-mail: mdora{at}telcel.net.ve. Reginaldo Brazil, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21 045-900, Brazil, E-mail: rpbrazil{at}ioc.fiocruz.br. Rhayza D. C. Maingon, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom, Telephone: 44-178-258-4219, Fax: 44-178-258-3516, E-mail: r.d.c.maingon{at}biol.keele.ac.uk.

Reprint requests: Rhayza D. C. Maingon, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.






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