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The distributions of anopheline larval habitats were aggregated in valley bottoms in Kenya in both the rainy and dry seasons, although the degree of aggregation was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. Larvae of the Anopheles gambiae complex larvae were found more frequently in habitats in farmlands and pastures. However, An. funestus larvae were found more frequently in natural swamps and pastures. Canopy cover was the only variable significantly associated with the occurrence of the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus. The average canopy cover was significantly less in the habitats with the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus larvae than those without the anopheline larvae. Thus, land cover types and topographic features showed important effects on the distribution of anopheline larval habitats. These results suggest that clearing riparian forests would improve growing conditions of the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus larvae in Kenyan highlands.
Received July 24, 2004. Accepted for publication January 5, 2005.
Acknowledgments: We thank H. Atieli, B. Ndenga, M. Okonji, S. Ajuma, W. Miheso, and P. Lutiali for field assistance, U. Kitron and J. Clennon for assistance with statistical analyses, M. Ombok for assistance with the global positioning system in differential mode, L. Carson for critical comments, and T. Wiegand for providing the statistical software package Programita.
Financial support: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01 AI 50243 and D43 TW01505.
* Address correspondence to Noboru Minakawa, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan. E-mail: minakawa{at}post.saga-med.ac.jp
Authors’ addresses: Noboru Minakawa, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan, E-mail: minakawa{at}post.saga-med.ac.jp. Stephen Munga, Francis Atieli, Andrew K. Githeko, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mails: SMunga{at}kisian.mimcom.net, Fatieli{at}kisian.mimcom.net, and agitheko{at}kisian.mimcom.net. Emmanuel Mushinzimana, Guofa Zhou, and Guiyun Yan, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, E-mails: Emushinzimana{at}kisian.mimcom.net, gzhou2{at}acsu.buffalo.edu, and gyan{at}buffalo.edu.
Reprint requests: Dr. Noboru Minakawa, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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