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MALARIA PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ERITREA

A parasitological cross-sectional survey was undertaken from September 2000 through February 2001 to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasitemia in Eritrea. A total of 12,937 individuals from 176 villages were screened for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasite species using the OptiMal Rapid Diagnostic Test. Malaria prevalence was generally low but highly focal and variable with the proportion of parasitemia at 2.2% (range: 0.4% to 6.5%). Despite no significant differences in age or sex-specific prevalence rates, 7% of households accounted for the positive cases and 90% of these were P. falciparum. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that mud walls were positively associated with malaria infection (OR [odds ratio] = 1.6 [95% CI: 1.2, 2.2], P < 0.008). For countries with low and seasonal malaria transmission, such information can help programs design improved strategic interventions.

Received May 27, 2004. Accepted for publication November 16, 2004.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank all the technical staff and interviewers at the zobal and sub-zobal levels for conducting the field surveys. We acknowledge the valuable support from the staff at the Ministry of Health, including the Minister, Director General of Health Services, and Director of the Communicable Diseases and Control. Special thanks to Mehari Zerom, Fessahaye Seulu, Asmelash G/Ezgher, Helen Fekadu, and Solomon Mengistu who provided immense operational support and to Linda Lou Kelley, Team Leader for the Health Strengthening Office USAID/Eritrea.

Financial support: This work was supported by the Johns Hopkins University Health and Child Survival Fellows Program. This work is based on activities funded by USAID under the Environmental Health Project contract no. HRN-I-00-99-00011-00.

Disclaimer: The views expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development nor the U.S. Government generally.

Authors’ addresses: David M. Sintasath, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Box 1382, Baltimore, MD 21205, E-mail: dsintasa{at}jhsph.edu. Tewolde Gebremeskel, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 212, Asmara, Eritrea, E-mail: tewolali{at}gemel.com.er. Matthew Lynch, Office of Health, Infectious Diseases, and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, Washington, DC 20523-3700, E-mail: mlynch{at}usaid.gov. Eckhard Kleinau, Gustavo Bretas, and Eugene Brantly, Environmental Health Project, 1611 N. Kent St, Ste 300, Arlington, VA 22209, E-mails: kleinauef{at}ehproject.org, gbretas{at}hotmail.com, epb{at}rti.org. Patricia M. Graves, 1400 W Oak St, Fort Collins, CO 80521, E-mail: patriciagraves{at}attglobal.net. Josephat Shililu, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: jshililu{at}icipe.org. John C. Beier, Global Public Health Program, University of Miami, South Campus, 12500 SW 152nd Street, Building B, Miami, FL 33177, E-mail: jbeier{at}med.miami.edu.

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