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The Anopheles gambiae genome sequence, together with the recent development of molecular tools for genome-wide analysis, promises new insights into the biology of the malaria vector. These insights should help define the best possible breakdown point for interrupting transmission in the mosquito vector. A survey of the intraspecific nucleotide diversity in coding regions of three different mosquito strains showed an average of one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) every 125 coding base pairs. High levels of nucleotide polymorphism were observed in mosquito immune-related genes and pathogen recognition receptors harbored higher replacement substitutions. Genotyping at SNP loci in natural populations of An. gambiae from three malaria foci showed contrasting patterns. The distribution of mutation Y443H in the thioester-containing protein 3 (TEP3) gene suggested this mutational event has occurred under selective constraints. Our results show that SNP-based studies will be valuable in identifying the sequence variation associated with phenotypic traits shaping vector competence.
Received April 7, 2004. Accepted for publication June 29, 2004.
Acknowledgments: We thank Mark Benedict (Malaria Research Activities, National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) for providing L35 and 4arr mosquito strains and Myriam Collin for help in mosquito maintenance in the insectary. We are grateful to Abdoulaye Diabaté (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso) and Ibrahima Dia (Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal) for kindly providing DNA samples from Burkina Faso and Senegal, respectively.
Financial support: This work was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Isabelle Morlais was supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.
Authors’ addresses: Isabelle Morlais, Nicolas Ponçon, and Didier Fontenille, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre les Insectes Nuisibles, Institut De Recherche Pour Le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Telephone: 33-467-043-222, Fax: 33-467-542-044, E-mails: isabelle.morlais{at}ird.fr, poncon{at}mpl.ird.fr, and fontenil{at}mpl.ird.fr. Frédéric Simard, Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon, Telephone: 237-223-2232, Fax: 237-223-0061, out_of_cameroun{at}yahoo.fr. Anna Cohuet, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Telephone: 49-6221-387-288, Fax: 49-6221-387-211, cohuet{at}embl.de.
Reprint requests: Isabelle Morlais, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insectes Nuisibles, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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