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GENE FLOW AMONG ANOPHELES ALBIMANUS POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND THE CARIBBEAN ASSESSED BY MICROSATELLITES AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

Gene flow was examined among Anopheles albimanus populations from Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela by examining variation at four microsatellite (MS) loci and a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker. There was little variation among Central American populations and weak isolation by distance was only observed with the MS loci. There was moderate to large variation between Central and South American populations, suggesting a barrier to gene flow between Central and South America. However, Panamanian and Pacific Costa Rican populations differed with respect to western Central America, suggesting that there may be another barrier within Central America. There was small to moderate variation among Caribbean and continental populations. Phylogenetic and diversity analyses of mtDNA indicate that more ancestral and diverse haplotypes were present in the Caribbean population, suggesting that current continental An. albimanus populations may have originated from the Caribbean.

Received September 5, 2003. Accepted for publication January 7, 2004.

Acknowledgments: We thank all of our collaborators in Latin American who provided mosquito collections. Dr. Mark Benedict (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA) kindly provided us with primer sequences for MS 2-25. Dr. Richard Wilkerson kindly provided us with DNA samples of An. bellator and An. cruzi.

Financial support: This project was supported by the UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), grant no. 971171 to Ana María P. de Mérida, and training award no. M8/181/4/M.422 to Alvaro Molina-Cruz.

Authors’ addresses: Alvaro Molina-Cruz, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook III, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, E-mails: amolina-cruz{at}niaid.nih.gov and amolinac{at}uvg.edu.gt. Ana María P. de Mérida, Katherine Mills, Fernando Rodríguez, Carolina Schoua, María Marta Yurrita, Eduviges Molina, and Margarita Palmieri, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 15 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, VH III, Apartado Postal No. 82, 01901, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Telephone: 502-364-0336, Fax: 502-364-0052. William C. Black IV, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, Telephone: 970-4916136, Fax: 970-4911815, E-mail: wcb4{at}cvmbs.colostate.edu.

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