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POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DIAGNOSIS AND THE CHANGING PATTERN OF VECTOR ECOLOGY AND MALARIA TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

The ecology and behavior of most of the 11 known members of the Anopheles punctulatus group remain unresolved and only the morphologic species An. farauti, An. koliensis, and An. punctulatus are known as vectors of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Of 1,582 mosquitoes examined morphologically, 737 were identified as An. farauti s.l., 719 as An. koliensis, and 126 as An. punctulatus. All specimens identified morphologically as An. punctulatus were shown to be An. punctulatus by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, but the An. farauti and An. koliensis morphotypes consisted of three or more species including An. farauti s.s., An. farauti No. 2, and An. farauti No. 4. The biting cycles and role in malaria transmission of some of these species are described here for the first time. We also show evidence that An. koliensis could be a sub-complex of two or more species. The epidemiologic implications of our findings are discussed.

Received August 20, 2003. Accepted for publication February 12, 2004.

Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge the extensive fieldwork carried out by the staff of the Entomology Unit of the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research. We are grateful for the statistical and technical advice given by Drs. Alfred Corte 's and Ivo Mueller, and Elias Namosha.

Financial support: This study was supported by AusAID, the Papua New Guinea government, and the National Institutes of Health (grant no. 1 R01AI-46919-02).

Authors’ addresses: Ariadna Benet, Absalom Mai, Florence Bockarie, Moses Lagog, and Moses J. Bockarie, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang MP511, Papua New Guinea, Telephone: 675-852-2909, Fax: 675-852-3289, E-mail: mbockarie{at}datec.net.pg. Peter Zimmerman, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Fourth Floor, Wolstein Research Building, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286. Michael P. Alpers, Center for International Health, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia. John C. Reeder, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.

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