HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (24) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by STUMP, A. D. Articles by BESANSKY, N. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by STUMP, A. D. Articles by BESANSKY, N. J. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB DDT PERMETHRIN Related Collections Vector Biology Mosquitoes

DYNAMICS OF THE PYRETHROID KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE ALLELE IN WESTERN KENYAN POPULATIONS OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE IN RESPONSE TO INSECTICIDE-TREATED BED NET TRIALS

Permethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. associated with a leucine-serine knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was discovered recently in western Kenya where a large scale permethrin-impregnated bed net (ITN) program has been implemented. Collections of An. gambiae s.l. were made from intervention and control villages prior to and after onset of the program. The kdr genotypes were determined using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction diagnostic tests. In An. gambiae s.s., the frequency of the kdr mutation prior to ITN introduction was ~3–4% in western Kenya and zero in samples from the coast. After ITN introduction, the kdr mutation increased in ITN and neighboring villages from ~4% to ~8%, but remained unchanged in villages at least 20 km distant and was not detected in coastal Kenya. The identical leucine-serine mutation was found in a single An. arabiensis individual among 658 tested. The leucine-phenylalanine kdr mutation common in west African An. gambiae populations was not detected in An. gambiae s.l. from Kenya. Implications for the population structure and control of An. gambiae are discussed.

Received August 31, 2003. Accepted for publication October 10, 2003.

Acknowledgments: Tovi Lehmann generously provided An. gambiae DNA samples from Jego in coastal Kenya. Frank Collins and Neil Lobo kindly provided access to the sequencing facility and assisted with sequencing. We thank Bill Hawley, Wim van Bortel and Hilary Ranson for helpful comments on the manuscript. For permission to cite unpublished data, we thank W. van Bortel and H. Ranson. We are grateful to John Gimnig for providing a map of our study sites and the Global Information System coordinates for houses. We acknowledge the entomology staff at the Center for Vector Biology and Control Research of the Kenya Medical Research Institute for assistance with mosquito collections. This paper has been published with the permission of the director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute.

Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (AI-44003) to Nora J. Besansky, from the UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) (980101) to John M. Vuvule, and by an Arthur Schmidt PhD Fellowship to Aram D. Stump.

Authors’ addresses: Aram D. Stump and Nora J. Besansky, Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biologic Sciences, PO Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556. Francis K. Atieli and John M. Vulule, Center for Vector Biology Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya.

Reprint requests: Nora J. Besansky, Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biologic Sciences, PO Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Telephone: 574-631-9321, Fax: 574-631-3996, E-mail: nbesansk{at}nd.edu.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Y. E. Himeidan, H. Chen, F. Chandre, M. J. Donnelly, and G. Yan Permethrin and DDT Resistance in the Malaria Vector Anopheles arabiensis from Eastern Sudan Am J Trop Med Hyg, December 1, 2007; 77(6): 1066 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sadasivaiah, Y. Tozan, and J. G Breman Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control? Am J Trop Med Hyg, December 1, 2007; 77(6_Suppl): 249 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. TRIPET, J. WRIGHT, A. CORNEL, A. FOFANA, R. MCABEE, C. MENESES, L. REIMER, M. SLOTMAN, T. THIEMANN, G. DOLO, et al. LONGITUDINAL SURVEY OF KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE TO PYRETHROID (KDR) IN MALI, WEST AFRICA, AND EVIDENCE OF ITS EMERGENCE IN THE BAMAKO FORM OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE S.S. Am J Trop Med Hyg, January 1, 2007; 76(1): 81 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. TRIPET, J. WRIGHT, and G. LANZARO A NEW HIGH-PERFORMANCE PCR DIAGNOSTIC FOR THE DETECTION OF PYRETHROID KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE KDR IN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE Am J Trop Med Hyg, April 1, 2006; 74(4): 658 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. SLOTMAN, A. D. TORRE, M. CALZETTA, and J. R. POWELL DIFFERENTIAL INTROGRESSION OF CHROMSOMAL REGIONS BETWEEN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE AND AN. ARABIENSIS Am J Trop Med Hyg, August 1, 2005; 73(2): 326 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-P. David, C. Strode, J. Vontas, D. Nikou, A. Vaughan, P. M. Pignatelli, C. Louis, J. Hemingway, and H. Ranson The Anopheles gambiae detoxification chip: A highly specific microarray to study metabolic-based insecticide resistance in malaria vectors PNAS, March 15, 2005; 102(11): 4080 - 4084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]