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DYNAMICS OF THE PYRETHROID KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE ALLELE IN WESTERN KENYAN POPULATIONS OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE IN RESPONSE TO INSECTICIDE-TREATED BED NET TRIALS

Permethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. associated with a leucine-serine knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was discovered recently in western Kenya where a large scale permethrin-impregnated bed net (ITN) program has been implemented. Collections of An. gambiae s.l. were made from intervention and control villages prior to and after onset of the program. The kdr genotypes were determined using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction diagnostic tests. In An. gambiae s.s., the frequency of the kdr mutation prior to ITN introduction was ~3–4% in western Kenya and zero in samples from the coast. After ITN introduction, the kdr mutation increased in ITN and neighboring villages from ~4% to ~8%, but remained unchanged in villages at least 20 km distant and was not detected in coastal Kenya. The identical leucine-serine mutation was found in a single An. arabiensis individual among 658 tested. The leucine-phenylalanine kdr mutation common in west African An. gambiae populations was not detected in An. gambiae s.l. from Kenya. Implications for the population structure and control of An. gambiae are discussed.

Received August 31, 2003. Accepted for publication October 10, 2003.

Acknowledgments: Tovi Lehmann generously provided An. gambiae DNA samples from Jego in coastal Kenya. Frank Collins and Neil Lobo kindly provided access to the sequencing facility and assisted with sequencing. We thank Bill Hawley, Wim van Bortel and Hilary Ranson for helpful comments on the manuscript. For permission to cite unpublished data, we thank W. van Bortel and H. Ranson. We are grateful to John Gimnig for providing a map of our study sites and the Global Information System coordinates for houses. We acknowledge the entomology staff at the Center for Vector Biology and Control Research of the Kenya Medical Research Institute for assistance with mosquito collections. This paper has been published with the permission of the director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute.

Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (AI-44003) to Nora J. Besansky, from the UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) (980101) to John M. Vuvule, and by an Arthur Schmidt PhD Fellowship to Aram D. Stump.

Authors’ addresses: Aram D. Stump and Nora J. Besansky, Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biologic Sciences, PO Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556. Francis K. Atieli and John M. Vulule, Center for Vector Biology Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya.

Reprint requests: Nora J. Besansky, Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biologic Sciences, PO Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Telephone: 574-631-9321, Fax: 574-631-3996, E-mail: nbesansk{at}nd.edu.

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