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DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND CERCARIAL SHEDDING OF BULINUS NASUTUS AND OTHER SNAILS IN THE MSAMBWENI AREA, COAST PROVINCE, KENYA

In the Msambweni area of the Kwale District in Kenya, an area endemic for Schistosoma haematobium, potential intermediate-host snails were systematically surveyed in water bodies associated with human contact that were previously surveyed in the 1980s. Bulinus (africanus) nasutus, which accounted for 67% of the snails collected, was the only snail shedding S. haematobium cercariae. Lanistes purpureus was the second most common snail (25%); lower numbers of Bulinus forskalii and Melanoides tuberculata were also recovered. Infection with non-S. haematobium trematodes was found among all snail species. Rainfall was significantly associated with the temporal distribution of all snail species: high numbers of Bulinus nasutus developed after extensive rainfall, followed, in turn, by increased S. haematobium shedding. Spatial distribution of snails was significantly clustered over a range of up to 1 km, with peak clustering observed at a distance of 400 meters. Water lily (Nymphaea spp.) and several aquatic grass species appeared necessary for local colonization by B. nasutus or L. purpureus.

Received October 30, 2003. Accepted for publication December 30, 2003.

Acknowledgments: We thank Anthony Chome, Charles Nganga, Jackson Muinde, Robin Bundi, Idi Masemo, and Joyce Bongo for their invaluable contributions to the field work; Grace Nguma for data entry and management; and Dr. Evelin Grijalva for providing valuable comments. This paper is published with the kind permission of the Director of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Kenya.

Financial support: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health under grants AI-45473 (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) and TW/ES01543 (Fogarty International Center).

Authors’ addresses: H. Curtis Kariuki and Eric M. Muchiri, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, PO Box 20750, Nairobi, Kenya, Telephone: 254-20-725-833, Fax: 254-20-720-030, E-mail: schisto{at}wananchi.com. Julie A. Clennon, Melinda S. Brady, and Uriel Kitron, Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, Telephone: 217-333-2449, Fax: 217-244-7421, E-mails: jaclenno{at}uiuc.edu, msbrady{at}uiuc.edu, and ukitron{at}uiuc.edu. Robert F. Sturrock, 92 Brennand Road, Dongara, Western Australia, 6525, Australia, Telephone: 61-8-9339-0560, E-mail: sturrock{at}iprimus.com.au. John H. Ouma, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, Nairobi, Kenya, Telephone: 254-20-722-541, Fax: 254-20-720-030. Saidi Tosha, Malick Ndzovhu, and Peter Mungai, c/o Case Western Reserve University/Division of Vector-Borne Diseases/Kenya Medical Research Institute Filariasis-Schistosomiasis Research Unit, PO Box 8, Msambweni, Kenya, Telephone: 254-40-52267, E-mail: dvbdcwru{at}wananchi.com. Orit Hoffman and Joseph Hamburger, Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel, Telephone: 972-2-675-8082, Fax: 972-2-6757425, E-mail: hambu{at}cc.huji.ac.il. Cara Pellegrini, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Telephone: 215-62-2200, E-mail: drpelle3{at}yahoo.com. Charles H. King, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Wolstein Research Building, Room 4126, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286, Telephone: 216-368-4818, Fax: 216-368-4825, E-mail: chk{at}po.cwru.edu.

Reprint requests: Charles H. King, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Wolstein Research Building, Room 4126, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286.

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