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Twenty villages in the Anning River Valley of southwestern Sichuan China were surveyed for Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans and domestic animals. Also surveyed were human water contact patterns, snail populations, cercarial risk in irrigation systems, and agricultural land use. Few animals were infected, while village prevalence of infection in humans ranged from 3% to 68% and average village eggs per gram of stool ranged from 0 to 110. Except for occupation and education, individual characteristics were not strong determinants of infection intensity within a village. Differences in human infection intensity between these villages are strongly associated with crop type, with low-intensity villages principally growing rice, in contrast to villages devoting more land to vegetables and tobacco. Cercarial risk in village irrigation systems is associated with snail density and human infection intensity through the use of manure-based fertilizer. Some of the agricultural and environmental factors associated with infection risk can be quantified using remote sensing technology.
Received June 10, 2003. Accepted for publication September 18, 2003.
Acknowledgments: We are indebted to Sha Kaiyou (Director) and colleagues at the Xichang County Anti-Schistosomiasis Station, and to Kang Junxin (Director) of the Endemic Diseases Office, Sichuan Centers for Disease Control (Chengdu, People’s Republic of China) for their sustained support and collaboration.
Financial support: This work was supported in part by the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease (grant RO1 AI-43961).
Authors’ addresses: Robert C. Spear, Edmund Seto, Song Liang, Merrill Birkner, and Alan Hubbard, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 140 Earl Warren Hall, #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, Telephone: 510-642-0761, Fax: 510-642-5815, E-mail: spear{at}uclink4.berkeley.edu. Dongchuan Qiu, Changhong Yang, Bo Zhong, Fashen Xu, and Xueguang Gu, Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 10 University Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China. George M. Davis, Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, 731 Ross Hall, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington DC, 20037.
Reprint requests: Robert C. Spear, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 140 Earl Warren Hall, #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360.
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