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A survey of 1,246 children 10–12 years old in 32 primary schools in Kenya near Lake Victoria was conducted to determine prevalence and distribution of schistosome and geohelminth infections. Stool and urine samples were collected and examined for eggs of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and intestinal helminths. A questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information and to quantify exposure to surface waters. Houses, schools, and water sources were mapped using a geographic information system. The mean school prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 16.3% (range = 0–80%). Proximity to the lake (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and contact with lake water were associated with infection, as were specific water-related activities including swimming, fishing, and collecting water. Sixty-three percent of students were infected with one or more other geohelminths and these infections were more homogenously distributed. The separate distributions of schistosome and geohelminth infections have important implications for combined mass-treatment programs.
Received November 30, 2002. Accepted for publication May 27, 2003.
Acknowledgments: We thank the headmasters, teachers, and students in each of the schools that participated in this study. We also thank Alfred Okoth and Matunda Kennedy for their assistance in the field and laboratory, and Maurice Ombok for his assistance in the collection of GIS data. This paper is published with the permission of the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute.
Authors’ addresses: Thomas Handzel, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F-48, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, Telephone: 770-488-4466, Fax: 770-488-7829, E-mail: tnh7{at}cdc.gov. Diana Karanja and Julius Andove, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya. David G. Addiss, Allen W. Hightower, Daniel H. Rosen, Laurence Slutsker, and W. Evan Secor, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F-13, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341. Daniel G. Colley, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, 623 Biologic Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602.
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