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GENETIC DIVERSITY AND MULTIPLE INFECTIONS OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA IN WESTERN THAILAND

Using two polymorphic genetic markers, the merozoite surface protein-3 (MSP-3) and the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), we investigated the population diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Mae Sod, Thailand from April 2000 through June 2001. Genotyping the parasites isolated from 90 malaria patients attending two local clinics for the dimorphic CSP gene revealed that the majority of the parasites (77%) were the VK210 type. Genotyping the MSP3- gene indicated that P. vivax populations exhibited an equally high level of polymorphism as those from Papua New Guinea, a hyperendemic region. Based on the length of polymerase chain reaction products, three major types of the MSP-3 locus were distinguished, with frequencies of 74.8%, 18.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The 13 alleles distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis did not show a significant seasonal variation in frequency. Genotyping the MSP-3 and CSP genes showed that 19.3% and 25.6% of the patients had multiple infections, respectively, and the combined rate was 35.6%. Comparisons of MSP-3 sequences from nine clones further confirmed the high level of genetic diversity of the parasite and also suggested that geographic isolation may exist. These results strongly indicate that P. vivax populations are highly diverse and multiple clonal infections are common in this malaria-hypoendemic region of Thailand.

Received November 21, 2002. Accepted for publication January 9, 2003.

Acknowledgments: We thank Dr. Kuijun Zhao, Christy Pepple, and Jennifer Sommer for their assistance in sequencing some MSP-3 clones.

Financial support: This study was partially supported by a grant R01 AI-46472-02S1 from the Research Supplement for Underrepresented Minorities Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health to Liwang Cui, and grants R01 AI-50243 and D43 TW01505 to Guiyun Yan.

Authors’ addresses: Liwang Cui, Carlye Mascorro, Qi Fan, and Kimberly Rzomp, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, Telephone: 814-863-7663, Fax: 814-865-3048, E-mail: luc2{at}psu.edu. Benjawan Khuntirat and Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Institute of Medical Sciences–United States Army Military Component, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Guofa Zhou, Hong Chen, and Guiyun Yan, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260.

Reprint requests: Liwang Cui, Department of Entomology, Penn-sylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802.

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