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Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, has different age distribution and disease expression in developing and developed countries, which may be due to the endemnicity of infection and the age of acquisition of immunity. Differences in disease expression are not solely dependent on the C. jejuni strain or virulence attributes. Another modulating factor in developing countries may be endemic nematode infections such as Trichuris, which drive type 2 cytokine responses and down-regulate type 1 immune responses. In this study, three-day-old germ-free pigs given dual infections with Trichuris suis and C. jejuni had more frequent, more severe diarrhea and severe pathology than pigs given no pathogens, only T. suis, or only C. jejuni. These pigs had significant hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltrates in the proximal colon where adult worms were found, and abscessed lymphoglandular complexes in the distal colon with intracellular C. jejuni. Pigs given only C. jejuni had mild clinical signs and pathology, and bacteria in feces or extracellular sites. Pigs given T. suis or no pathogens had no disease and minimal pathology. Thus, these agents synergized to produce significant disease and pathology, which was site specific.
Received May 18, 2002. Accepted for publication September 11, 2002.
Acknowledgments: We thank Dr. Robert Holland for providing training with anesthesia and surgical techniques for the caesarian sections of the donor sows, Dr. Jon Patterson for reviewing the histopathologic and electron microscopic images, Sally Burns for technical assistance with electron microscopy, and Dr. Joan Lunney for providing monoclonal antibodies. We also thank Awdry Jones for expert technical assistance in providing T. suis eggs for infection of pigs.
Financial support: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant 61-0954, U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Health Formula Funds grant 6881, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center grants 71-2954 and 71-9487, Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI), and Agricultural Research Service grant CHRIS 1265-32000-049.
Authors’ addresses: Linda S. Mansfield, David T. Gauthier, Sheila R. Abner, Kathryn M. Jones, and Stacey R. Wilder, B43 Food Safety Toxicology Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, Telephone: 517-432-6309, Fax: 517-432-2310, E-mail: Mansfie4{at}cvm.msu.edu. Joseph F. Urban, Nutrient Requirements and Function Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705.
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