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West Nile Virus Infection in Arthropods¹

1. Mosquitoes, ticks, houseflies, and probably human body lice were found to be susceptible to parenteral infection with West Nile virus. Chicken mites, bedbugs, rat fleas, hippoboscid flies, and cockroaches proved to be refractory.

2. Culex univittatus, C. antennatus, and C. pipiens were infected readily when blood having a virus titer of 4.5 was ingested. A titer of 2.5 was sufficient to infect many individuals.

3. C. pipiens and C. univittatus became infected and were capable of transmitting the virus when kept at mean daily temperatures of 12–23°C.

4. C. univittatus transmitted the virus as soon as 5 days after the infective blood meal and for at least 33 days thereafter at 28–32°C.

5. The tick Ornithodoros savignyi, when infected parenterally, transmitted the virus while biting infant mice, and the virus was isolated from the coxal fluid. This tick was also infected by feeding on the blood of infected mice, but failed to transmit the virus when infected in this manner. Ornithodoros erraticus and Argas persicus showed evidence of infection but did not transmit the virus.

¹ This study was conducted under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Health of the Egyptian Government and the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, with aid from The Rockefeller Foundation, and latterly from the Office of Naval Research through a contract administered by the University of Chicago.

The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the naval service at large.

² Namru 3, Department of Entomology, c/o American Embassy, Cairo, Egypt.

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