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Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 26(4), 1977, pp. 732-742
Copyright © 1977 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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An Evolving Pattern of Human Hydatid Disease Transmission in the United States*

Marguerite Pappaioanou, Calvin W. Schwabe AND Diana M. Sard{dagger}
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616

Echinococcus granulosus infection was being acquired in the contiguous United States by Virginia sharecroppers and small-holders by the turn of the century. The last recorded human infection from that general area was diagnosed in 1947. By 1920 human infections were also being acquired in the lower Mississippi valley. Apparently, infection in both of these areas was maintained chiefly in swine. By 1940 a third transmission area definitely existed in the Central Valley of California, with its reservoir intermediate host sheep. Seemingly, infection has been disseminated from these California foci into Utah and more recently into northern New Mexico and Arizona. Human populations now at unusual risk in the western United States are transhumant sheep ranchers, including Basque-Americans in California, Mormons in central Utah, and Navajo and Zuni Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. Conditions highly favorable to E. granulosus transmission, intensification and spread now exist throughout relatively large areas of the American West.

Accepted for publication December 31, 1976.


* This study was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant AI07857 and a grant from the World Health Organization. The data on human cases are from a research report submitted by Dr. Pappaioanou in partial fulfillment of requirements of the Master of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (M.P.V.M.) degree in the University of California and many of the early animal infection data also are from an M.P.V.M. report by Dr. Sard.


{dagger} Present address: Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0T0, England.






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Copyright © 1977 by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.